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<time class="post-date" datetime="2019-06-17">June 17,
2019</time>
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<h1 class="post-title">Serial Mice Protocols</h1>
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<a href="https://roborooter.com/tag/serialport/">serialport</a>
<a href="https://roborooter.com/tag/programming/">programming</a>
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<p>I remembered there was such a thing as a serial mouse and I wondered how they worked. A bit of googling found me <a href="https://www.kryslix.com/nsfaq/Q.12.html">this link</a> (which as of this posting has an SSL error). I’m going to reproduce it below but I wanted to write some notes about it first.</p>
<ul>
<li>The Microsoft Serial Mouse was the most popular mouse as of 1997, supported by and probably copied by all.</li>
<li>The “resolution” was around 400-1000 CPI (counts per inch)
compared to a gaming mouse today of around 16,000k. This had to do with
internal buffering and the speed it updated the location of the movement
to the computer.</li>
<li>It could send 40 reports per second, where a report is a 3 byte update describing buttons and x and y changes.</li>
<li>The original packet format is similar to midi. Each packet is a
known length (3 bytes). For some unknown reason the first bit of each
byte is ignored. The second bit is used for synchronizing packets. The
first byte has the 2nd bit 1, and the following two have it 0.</li>
<li>Because each byte only has 6 bits of usable data, they split the
first two bits of each X and Y report off into the first byte. (See the
awesome ascii art in the document below.) This gives 8 bits of data for
each X and Y movement in each report (Represented as a signed integer.)</li>
<li>Logitech expanded the format to 5 bytes (without wasting space) to support their 3 button mice.</li>
<li>PS2 Also supported 3 buttons and didn’t waste space. It was a bit faster as a standard too.</li>
<li>I missed that baud rate was mentioned in the article. I guessed 40
reports a second at 3 bytes a report is 960 bps (bits per second) which
might have been (at 4 bits per baud) a baud rate of 240. But it’s
clearly stated “1200bps, 7 databits, 1 stop-bit” for the MS and Logitech
mouse and “1200bps, 8 databits, 1 stop-bit” for the Mouse Systems
mouse.</li>
</ul>
<p>This text (which is part of a “not so frequently asked questions”
section of that site, which states “The information containted in these
NSFAQ’s have no assurance of accuracy other than I would not
purposefully put up an inaccurate NSFAQ.”) was curated by Paul Borman
who copied this section from a Tomi Engdahl. URLs last only as long as
the organizations do and unfortunately many of these links predate the <a href="https://archive.org/web/web.php">wayback machine</a>. None of the references currently exist however a few were thankfully archived their links have been changed to the archives.</p>
<p>Full text of <a href="https://www.kryslix.com/nsfaq/Q.12.html">Subject: What protocol do mice use?</a> with formatting cleanup follows;</p>
<h2 id="what-protocol-do-mice-use">What protocol do mice use?</h2>
<p>Subject: What protocol do mice use?<br>
Date: 09/16/97<br>
Updated: 11/16/00</p>
<hr>
<p>This document was adapted from a web page produced by <a href="http://www.hut.fi/~then/">Tomi Engdahl &lt;then@delta.hut.fi&gt;</a>.</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="microsoft-serial-mouse">Microsoft serial mouse</h3>
<h4 id="description">Description</h4>
<p>The Microsoft serial mouse is the most popular 2 button mouse. It is
supported by all major operating systems. The maximum tracking rate for a
Microsoft mouse is 40 reports/second * 127 counts per report, in other
words, 5080 counts per second. The most common range for mice is is 100
to 400 CPI (counts per inch) but can be up to 1000 CPI. A 100CPI mouse
can discriminate motion up to 50.8 inches/second while a 400 CPI mouse
can only discriminate motion up to 12.7 inches/second. </p>
<h4 id="pinout">Pinout</h4>
<pre><code class="language-ascii-art">9 pin 25 pin Line Comments
shell 1 GND
3 2 TD Serial data from host to mouse (only for power)
2 3 RD Serial data from mouse to host
7 4 RTS Positive voltage to mouse
8 5 CTS
6 6 DSR
5 7 SGND
4 20 DTR Positive voltage to mouse and reset/detection
RTS = Request to Send CTS = Clear to Send
DSR = Data Set Ready DTR = Data Terminal Ready
GND = Protective Ground SGND = Signal Ground
</code></pre>
<p>To function correctly, both the RTS and DTR lines must be positive.
DTR/DSR and RTS/CTS must NOT be shorted. RTS may be toggled negative for
at least 100ms to reset the mouse. (After a cold boot, the RTS line is
usually negative. This provides an automatic toggle when RTS is brought
positive). When DTR is toggled the mouse should send a single byte 0x45
(ASCII 'M'). </p>
<h4 id="serial-data-parameters">Serial data parameters:</h4>
<p>1200bps, 7 databits, 1 stop-bit<br></p>
<h4 id="data-packet-format">Data packet format:</h4>
<p>Data is sent in 3 byte packets for each event (a button is
pressed or released or the mouse moves):</p>
<pre><code class="language-ascii-art"> D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Byte 1 X 1 LB RB Y7 Y6 X7 X6
Byte 2 X 0 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
Byte 3 X 0 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
LB is the state of the left button (1 means down)
RB is the state of the right button (1 means down)
X7-X0 movement in X direction since last packet (signed byte)
Y7-Y0 movement in Y direction since last packet (signed byte)
</code></pre>
<p>The high order bit of each byte (D7) is ignored. Bit D6 indicates
the start of an event, which allows the software to synchronize with the
mouse.</p>
<h4 id="graphical-representation-of-a-packet">Graphical representation of a packet</h4>
<pre><code class="language-ascii-art"> 1st byte 2nd byte 3rd byte
================ =============== ================
- 1 ? ? Y Y X X - 0 X X X X X X - 0 Y Y Y Y Y Y
================ =============== ================
| | \ / \ / \---------/ \---------/
| | | | | |
| | | \----\ | |
| | \--------|-------|--------\ |
| | / \ /---------\ / \ /---------\
| | ================ =================
| | 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Left Button --/ | ================ =================
Right Button ----/ X increment Y increment
</code></pre>
<h4 id="3-button-logitech-extension">3 Button Logitech extension</h4>
<p>
Logitech extended the 2 button mouse protocol to support 3 button mice
by adding a 4th byte when the middle button is pressed (and the first
packet after it is released). If a 4th byte is encountered (i.e., an
extra byte with D6 set to 0) then D5 of that byte (0x20) indicates the
status of the middle mouse button.
</p>
<h3 id="mouse-systems-mouse">Mouse systems mouse</h3>
<h4 id="serial-data-parameters-1">Serial data parameters:</h4>
<p>1200bps, 8 databits, 1 stop-bit<br></p>
<h4 id="5-byte-mouse-systems-packet">5 byte Mouse Systems packet</h4>
<pre><code class="language-ascii-art"> D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Byte 1 1 0 0 0 0 LB CB RB
Byte 2 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
Byte 3 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y4 Y1 Y0
Byte 4 X7' X6' X5' X4' X3' X2' X1' X0'
Byte 5 Y7' Y6' Y5' Y4' Y3' Y4' Y1' Y0'
LB is left button state (0=pressed, 1=released)
CB is center button state (0=pressed, 1=released)
RB is right button state (0=pressed, 1=released)
X7-X0 movement in X direction since last packet in signed byte
format (-128..+127), positive direction right
Y7-Y0 movement in Y direction since last packet in signed byte
format (-128..+127), positive direction up
X7'-X0' movement in X direction since sending of X7-X0 packet in signed byte
format (-128..+127), positive direction right
Y7'-Y0' movement in Y direction since sending of Y7-Y0 in signed byte
format (-128..+127), positive direction up
</code></pre>
<p>The last two bytes in the packet (bytes 4 and 5) contain information
about movement data changes which have occurred after data bytes 2 and 3
have been sent.</p>
<h3 id="ps2-mouse">PS/2 mouse</h3>
<p>The standard PS/2 mouse (such as the Logitech mouse) defaults to 160
CPI and can be switched to 40, 80, 160 or 320 CPI via software. The
Microsoft mouse driver for Windows 3.x and Windows 95 defaults to 160
counts per inch. The maximum tracking rate for PS/2 mouse is 40
reports/second * 255 counts per report, or 10200 counts per second. A
100 CPI mouse could discriminate motion up to 102 inches per second
while a 400 CPI mouse could discriminate motion up to 25.2 inches per
second.</p>
<h4 id="connector-pinout">Connector pinout</h4>
<pre><code class="language-ascii-art">Pin Wire Name
1 DATA
2 Reserved
3 Ground
4 +5V Supply
5 CLK
6 Reserved
Shield Chassis
</code></pre>
<h4 id="packet-format">Packet Format</h4>
<pre><code class="language-ascii-art"> D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Byte 1 XV XV YS XS 1 M R L
Byte 2 X7 X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0
Byte 3 Y7 Y6 Y5 Y4 Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
L Left button state (1 = pressed down)
M Middle button state (1 = pressed down)
R Right button state (1 = pressed down)
X0-X7 Movement in X direction
Y0-Y7 Movement in Y direction
XS,YS Movement data sign bits (1 = negative)
XV,YV Movement data overflow bits (1 = overflow has occurred)
</code></pre>
<h4 id="physical-connector">Physical connector</h4>
<p>The PS/2 mouse connector has the following pinout when looking at the connector on the back of the computer:</p>
<pre><code class="language-ascii-art"> 4 u 6
1 . 2
3 5
1. GND
2. +5V
3. DATA
4. CLOCK
5. Not used
6. Not used
</code></pre>
<p>Bi-directional transmission is controlled by the CLK and DATA lines.
Both are fed by an open collector device which lets either host or
mouse force the line to "0". During non-transmission, CLK is at "1" and
DATA can be at "0" or "1".</p>
<p>The host can inhibit mouse transmission by forcing CLK to "0". If the
host inhibits the mouse while it is transmitting, the byte must be
retransmitted (if the inhibit state arrived before the 11th clock). </p>
<p>Receiving data: Check 'clock'. If inactive, there is a bit on the
'data' line. Each transmission unit is one start bit, eight data bits,
odd parity and one stop bit. Start bits are low, stop bits high. Each
clock active or inactive period is 30 to 50 microseconds. Data
transition to falling edge of clock is 5 to 25 microseconds.</p>
<p>Sending: Check that both clock and data are high. Pull down
data for start bit, and start clocking.</p>
<p> NOTE: Logitech has made the extension to this protocol to allow three buttons (the M bit is always 0 on 2 button mice).</p>
<h2 id="references">References</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215222/http://www.hut.fi/~then/mytexts/mouse.html">Original PC mouse info page by Tomi Engdahl</a></li>
<li>PC Magazine May 28, 1991</li>
<li><a href="ftp://x2ftp.oulu.fi/pub/msdos/programming/docs/gmouse.doc">Programmer's Reference to Genius Mouse</a></li>
<li><a href="ftp://ftp.logitech.com/pub/TechSupport/MOUSE/HELP/1410.txt">Logitech Pointing Device Hardware Information Product Support Document # 1410</a></li>
<li><a href="http://box.argonet.co.uk/users/4qd/meece.html">Mice: How do they work?</a> by <a href="mailto:4qd@argonet.co.uk">Richard Torrens</a></li>
<li>In Pursuit Of The Perfect Portable Pointer by Intelink Electronics from <a href="http://www.ednprodmag.com/">EDN Products Edition</a> April 16, 1977 pages 43-45</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328235100/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/2151/mouse.html">Programming the Microsoft Mouse</a></li>
</ul>
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<time class="published" datetime="June 20, 2019">June 20, 2019</time>
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<h3 class="post-title"><a href="https://roborooter.com/post/Serialport-States/">Serialport States</a></h3>
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