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<title>Choosing the Right Crystal and Caps for your Design « Adafruit Industries – Makers, hackers, artists, designers and engineers!</title>
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<h3>January 24, 2012 AT 6:04 am</h3>
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<h2 class="storytitle">Choosing the Right Crystal and Caps for your Design</h2>
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|
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<p><img class="img-responsive" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/quartcrystalmode.png" alt="" srcset="https://blog.adafruit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/quartcrystalmode.png 427w, https://blog.adafruit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/quartcrystalmode-150x38.png 150w, https://blog.adafruit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/quartcrystalmode-300x77.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px" width="427" height="110"></p>
|
||
<p>Learning to design your own PCBs and being able to put together a
|
||
schematic to solve a specific problem is both a valuable and rewarding
|
||
skill. There are a number of resources out there to help you avoid
|
||
common mistakes, but it isn’t always obvious to know where the values
|
||
of certain common components come from, particularly common parts like
|
||
resistors and capacitors. Figuring this out is part of the
|
||
learning process, but it isn’t always easy to know where to look since
|
||
you first need to know exactly the right terms to search for.</p>
|
||
<p>One good example that I haven’t seen a lot of attention paid to is
|
||
deciding which crystal to use for your board and which caps go with it.
|
||
Most people just copy and paste what they found on some other schematic
|
||
(“12MHz + 22pF? … sounds good!”). Unfortunately, if you want to
|
||
get accurate and stable results out of the crystal, you need to match
|
||
the capacitors to the specific crystal you chose, and it varies from
|
||
model to model even with the same manufacturer. Fortunately,
|
||
it’s trivial to calculate the right capacitors for your crystal.<span id="more-24343"></span></p>
|
||
<p>A 12MHz crystal that I use quite a bit is the <a href="http://search.digikey.com/us/en/products/NX3225SA-12.000000MHZ/644-1047-2-ND/1128829" target="_blank">NX3225SA-12.000000MHZ</a>
|
||
from NDK. It’s a good size, stable (+/-15 ppm), and easy to find.
|
||
I use the more expensive +/-15 ppm model for better input to the
|
||
PLL, but if you don’t use the right capacitors along with the crystal
|
||
your signal will never be anything remotely close to +/-15ppm and you
|
||
may as well buy a much cheaper crystal.</p>
|
||
<p>So how do you know which capacitors to use? Easy. Every crystal datasheet lists something called the <strong>Load Capacitance</strong>
|
||
(CL). In the case of the crystal above, it’s 8 pF. C1 and
|
||
C2 need to match this Load Capacitance, with the following formula being
|
||
the key:</p>
|
||
<p><strong>CL = (C1 * C2) / (C1 + C2) + Cstray</strong></p>
|
||
<p>C1 and C2 are the two capacitors that you see attached to the crystal, but you might be wondering what <strong>Cstray</strong>
|
||
is. Unfortunately, every trace, every lead on your component,
|
||
just about everything on your PCB has some stray capacitance. The
|
||
total of these values is represented by Cstray. You can usually
|
||
guestimate this in the neighbourhood of 2-5pF as long as you follow good
|
||
layout practice and keep the trace from the crystal to the pins on the
|
||
MCU as short as possible with no vias, etc.</p>
|
||
<p>We know CL since it’s stated in the crystal datasheet (8 pF), and we
|
||
know Cstray (say ~5 pF), so all we need to do is test our value for C1
|
||
and C2 to make sure that it will match CL taking into account Cstray.
|
||
A commonly tossed around rule of thumb is to start with a pair of
|
||
capacitors two times the CL of the crystal, which will get you to CL.
|
||
In this case, that would be 2*8 pF = 16pF for the capacitors.
|
||
Unfortunately, this ignores the stray capacitance (Cstray), and
|
||
won’t give you the best results. Even if you are guestimating
|
||
Cstray you will get better results taking it into account, but it means
|
||
just using a capacitor 2* CL won’t work:</p>
|
||
<p>CL = 8 pF<br>
|
||
C1, C2 = 16 pF<br>
|
||
Cstray = 5pF</p>
|
||
<p>(16 pF * 16 pF)/(16 pF + 16 pF) + 5 pF= 13 pF</p>
|
||
<p>13pF is much too high to get the best results from your crystal.
|
||
If instead of 16pF, we take a lower 6 pF value this will give much
|
||
better results:</p>
|
||
<p>(6pF * 6pF)/(6 pF + 6 pF) + 5 pF =8 pF</p>
|
||
<p>If you think the stray capacitance is a bit lower, say 3pF, you might try a 10pF capacitor:</p>
|
||
<p>(10 pF * 10 pF)/(10 pF + 10 pF) + 3 pF = 8pF</p>
|
||
<p>There’s an obvious tradeoff between choosing a standard capacitor
|
||
value, and having a good idea of what your Cstray is, but the above
|
||
formula should at least explain HOW to determine what value those
|
||
capacitors should be relative to your crystal. Even using a
|
||
ballpark Cstray plud good layout should give you far more accurate
|
||
results than just copying and pasting a value you saw on another
|
||
schematic unless you’re using the exact same crystal model (which is
|
||
unlikely since they are rarely even listed in the schematic).</p>
|
||
<p>A better rule of thumb is: <strong>C1, C2 = 2*CL – 2*Cstray</strong></p>
|
||
<h2>Further Reading</h2>
|
||
<p><a href="http://www.st.com/internet/com/TECHNICAL_RESOURCES/TECHNICAL_LITERATURE/APPLICATION_NOTE/CD00221665.pdf" target="_blank">AN2867 – Oscillator design guide</a> (ST Microcontrollers)</p>
|
||
<div class="ctx-subscribe-container ctx-personalization-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix"></div><div class="ctx-social-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix"></div>
|
||
<span class="ctx-article-root"> </span> <hr>
|
||
<div class="af-blog-adv">
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<p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjF7R1fz_OOXWHQhEVEI5Jqf18TQRr5Hu">Check out all the Circuit Playground Episodes!</a> Our new kid’s show and <a href="http://adafru.it/subscribe">subscribe!</a></p>
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<p>Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/112526208786662512291/112526208786662512291/posts" title="SHOW AND TELL" target="_blank">Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts.</a></p>
|
||
<p>Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for <a href="http://www.adafruit.com/ask" title="ASK AN ENGINEER" target="_blank">Ask an Engineer!</a></p>
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<p>Learn resistor values with <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mhos-resistance/id785181044?mt=8" title="Mho's Resistance" target="_blank">Mho’s Resistance</a> or get <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/circuit-playground/id492487671?mt=8" title="Circuit Playground" target="_blank">the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground”</a> – <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/adafruit-industries/id492487674" title="Adafruit's Apps!" target="_blank">Adafruit’s Apps!</a></p>
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||
<span class="ctx-article-root"> </span></div><hr><div class="af-blog-adv"><p><a href="https://www.adafruitdaily.com/">Maker Business</a> — Simple & Powerful Commitment Strategies: Monthly Reports</p><p><a href="https://www.adafruitdaily.com/">Wearables</a> — Sew a bun</p><p><a href="https://www.adafruitdaily.com/">Electronics</a> — Higher isn’t always better</p><p><a href="https://www.adafruitdaily.com/">Biohacking</a> — SolePower – Powered by Steps</p></div><div class="af-blog-adv" style="font-size: 13px; margin-top: 10px">Get the only spam-free daily newsletter about wearables, running a "maker business", electronic tips and more! Subscribe at <a href="https://www.adafruitdaily.com/">AdafruitDaily.com</a> !</div><p></p>
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<hr>
|
||
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<h2 id="comments">7 Comments</h2>
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<ol id="commentlist">
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-27362">
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<div class="comment-meta">
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<img alt="" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/73ab95e980246179ebb4e522410ab7ec.jpeg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73ab95e980246179ebb4e522410ab7ec?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" originals="80" src-orig="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/73ab95e980246179ebb4e522410ab7ec?s=80&d=mm&r=g" scale="1.3953487873077393" width="80" height="80"> <div class="comment-author">mikeselectricstuff</div>
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<div class="comment-datetime">
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<a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comment-27362">January 24, 2012 at 6:44 am</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>A handy tip I got from a Microchip guy a while ago is that a ‘happy’
|
||
oscillator has a similar amplitude on each side of the crystal. You
|
||
ideally need to use a low capacitance probe (e.g. x100) to avoid the
|
||
probe affecting things too much.</p>
|
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</li>
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<li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-27365">
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<div class="comment-meta">
|
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<img alt="" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/23f3f21928a7ee5ad6363d00e8809c1f.jpeg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/23f3f21928a7ee5ad6363d00e8809c1f?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" originals="80" src-orig="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/23f3f21928a7ee5ad6363d00e8809c1f?s=80&d=mm&r=g" scale="1.3953487873077393" width="80" height="80"> <div class="comment-author">chuckz</div>
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<div class="comment-datetime">
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<a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comment-27365">January 24, 2012 at 9:31 am</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>This is very helpful information. Thank you.</p>
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</li>
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-27378">
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<div class="comment-meta">
|
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<img alt="" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/67abb62c9dd2fcb955963ac94ea5d321.jpeg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67abb62c9dd2fcb955963ac94ea5d321?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" originals="80" src-orig="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67abb62c9dd2fcb955963ac94ea5d321?s=80&d=mm&r=g" scale="1.3953487873077393" width="80" height="80"> <div class="comment-author">Georg</div>
|
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<div class="comment-datetime">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comment-27378">January 24, 2012 at 4:12 pm</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>I have a further question – don’t you have to take the parasitic
|
||
input capacity of the pins of the driven chip into account aswell?</p>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="comment byuser comment-author-kevin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-27381">
|
||
<div class="comment-meta">
|
||
<img alt="" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb.jpeg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" originals="80" src-orig="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb?s=80&d=mm&r=g" scale="1.3953487873077393" width="80" height="80"> <div class="comment-author"><a href="http://www.adafruit.com/" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Kevin</a></div>
|
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<div class="comment-datetime">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comment-27381">January 24, 2012 at 5:16 pm</a>
|
||
</div>
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||
</div>
|
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<p>Georg: That would be included in the stray capacitance … it’s
|
||
basically a sum of everything between the output of the crystal and the
|
||
input to the PLL inside the chip, including the parasitic capacitance of
|
||
any pins or leads on any discrete components, etc. You can look in the
|
||
datasheets to add all the little bits up, but ~5pF is a pretty good rule
|
||
of thumb.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
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<li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-27394">
|
||
<div class="comment-meta">
|
||
<img alt="" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/67abb62c9dd2fcb955963ac94ea5d321.jpeg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67abb62c9dd2fcb955963ac94ea5d321?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" originals="80" src-orig="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/67abb62c9dd2fcb955963ac94ea5d321?s=80&d=mm&r=g" scale="1.3953487873077393" width="80" height="80"> <div class="comment-author">GEorg</div>
|
||
<div class="comment-datetime">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comment-27394">January 25, 2012 at 8:33 am</a>
|
||
</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<p>thanks for this Information – i also found out that quite a number of
|
||
datasheets don’t give information about the capacity of the XIN Pins ..</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-kevin bypostauthor odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-27399">
|
||
<div class="comment-meta">
|
||
<img alt="" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb.jpeg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" originals="80" src-orig="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb?s=80&d=mm&r=g" scale="1.3953487873077393" width="80" height="80"> <div class="comment-author"><a href="http://www.adafruit.com/" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Kevin</a></div>
|
||
<div class="comment-datetime">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comment-27399">January 25, 2012 at 10:41 am</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>GEorg: It’s true that datasheets aren’t always terribly exhaustive,
|
||
but you can usually find something close to what you want. I used the
|
||
LPC1343 a lot (an inexpensive 72MHz ARM Cortex M3 chip from NXP), and
|
||
they don’t list the input capacitance for the XTAL in/out pins — only
|
||
ADC inputs are listed at 20pF — but if you look at Table 21 of section
|
||
11.2 (XTAL Input) you can at least see a table showing suggested values.
|
||
Using a 12MHz crystal (which is more or less the de facto crystal for
|
||
LPC MCUs), they show suggested values for a 10pF or 20pF crystal. If
|
||
this is all the information you have and accuracy is very important,
|
||
you’ll be better off picking a 10pF cap instead of the 8pF mentionned
|
||
above, and then using their suggestion of two 18pF capacitors. You can
|
||
work backwards of course to guestimate the input capacitance with those
|
||
values. Or … you can also drop the companies a line if it’s important
|
||
since someone almost certainly (should!) know this information, though
|
||
it can be hard to get through the corporate firewall if you don’t know
|
||
someone inside the company already.</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="comment byuser comment-author-kevin bypostauthor even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-27401">
|
||
<div class="comment-meta">
|
||
<img alt="" src="Choosing%20the%20Right%20Crystal%20and%20Caps%20for%20your%20Design%20%C2%AB%20Adafruit%20Industries%20%E2%80%93%20Makers,%20hackers,%20artists,%20designers%20and%20engineers%21_files/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb.jpeg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb?s=160&d=mm&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" originals="80" src-orig="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/daa9b954b88210084e3687db33644adb?s=80&d=mm&r=g" scale="1.3953487873077393" width="80" height="80"> <div class="comment-author"><a href="http://www.adafruit.com/" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Kevin</a></div>
|
||
<div class="comment-datetime">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comment-27401">January 25, 2012 at 10:46 am</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>GEorg:</p>
|
||
<p>Here’s a better example for the LPC1850 another ARM Cortex M3 MCU
|
||
I’ve been using lately. In this datasheet they list the input
|
||
capacitance of the XTAL pins as max 0.8pF (search for Cio p.96 of the 21
|
||
Nov 2011 DS):</p>
|
||
<p><a href="http://ics.nxp.com/products/lpc1000/datasheet/lpc1810.lpc1820.lpc1830.lpc1850.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://ics.nxp.com/products/lpc1000/datasheet/lpc1810.lpc1820.lpc1830.lpc1850.pdf</a></p>
|
||
<p>This is only a simulated value in this case (see note 14) but it should give you a pretty close approximation.</p>
|
||
<p>You still need to add in some margin for stray capacitance due to the
|
||
trace, parasitic capacitance of the capacitors (use smaller physical
|
||
packages if possible), but honestly just using the rule of thumb above
|
||
and guessing 2-5pF will already give you far better results that just
|
||
copying the capacitor values you saw on some other schematic.</p>
|
||
<p>Kevin</p>
|
||
</li>
|
||
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|
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<p>Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.</p>
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Filed under: <a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/category/componentsparts/" rel="category tag">components & parts</a>, <a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/category/ee/" rel="category tag">EE</a> —
|
||
by Kevin <br><br><a href="https://blog.adafruit.com/2012/01/24/choosing-the-right-crystal-and-caps-for-your-design/#comments">Comments (7)</a> </div>
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