Merge pull request #209 from davidgiven/analyse

Add an analysis tool for checking drive response.
Remember to get rid of the junk comments!
2025-10-31 11:17:01 -07:00 · 2021-01-10 02:01:33 +01:00 · 2021-01-10 01:09:35 +01:00 · 2021-01-10 01:06:13 +01:00 · 2021-01-10 00:51:43 +01:00 · 2021-01-09 13:42:37 +01:00
150 changed files with 8089 additions and 1831 deletions
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 version: '{branch}.{build}'
 clone_depth: 1
 skip_tags: true
+image: Visual Studio 2019

 environment:
  MSYSTEM: MINGW32
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ install:

 build_script:
  - make
-  - zip -9 fluxengine.zip fluxengine.exe brother120tool.exe FluxEngine.cydsn/CortexM3/ARM_GCC_541/Release/FluxEngine.hex
+  - zip -9 fluxengine.zip fluxengine.exe brother120tool.exe brother240tool.exe FluxEngine.cydsn/CortexM3/ARM_GCC_541/Release/FluxEngine.hex

 artifacts:
  - path: fluxengine.zip
--- a/.github/workflows/ccpp.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ccpp.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+name: C/C++ CI
+
+on: [push]
+
+jobs:
+  build-linux:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 1
+    - name: apt
+      run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install libusb-1.0-0-dev libsqlite3-dev ninja-build
+    - name: make
+      run: make
+
+  build-macos:
+    runs-on: macos-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      with:
+        fetch-depth: 1
+    - name: brew
+      run: brew install sqlite pkg-config libusb ninja
+    - name: make
+      run: make
+
+#  build-windows:
+#    runs-on: windows-latest
+#    steps:
+#    - uses: numworks/setup-msys2@v1
+#      with:
+#        path-type: inherit
+#    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+#    - name: pacman
+#      run: |
+#        msys2do pacman -S --noconfirm --needed make ninja mingw-w64-i686-libusb mingw-w64-i686-sqlite3 mingw-w64-i686-zlib mingw-w64-i686-gcc zip
+#    - name: build
+#      run: |
+#        msys2do make
+
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-language: shell
-git:
-    depth: 1
-
-matrix:
-    include:
-        -
-            os: linux
-            sudo: false
-            dist: xenial
-            compiler: gcc
-            env: CXX=g++-8
-            script:
-            - make
-        -
-            os: osx
-            osx_image: xcode10.2
-            compiler: clang
-            env:
-            - HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP=1
-
-addons:
-    apt:
-        sources:
-        - llvm-toolchain-precise-3.8
-        - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
-        packages:
-        - ninja-build
-        - libusb-1.0-0-dev
-        - libsqlite3-dev
-        - g++-8
-    homebrew:
-        packages:
-        - ninja
-
-script:
- make
-
-
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/CortexM3/ARM_GCC_541/Release/FluxEngine.hex
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/CortexM3/ARM_GCC_541/Release/FluxEngine.hex
@@ -1,246 +1,246 @@
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@@ -4615,12 +4615,12 @@
 :0200000490105A
 :04000000BC90ACAF55
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+:0C00000000012E16106900002E2FDF2ECC
 :00000001FF
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/API/c.c
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/API/c.c
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#include "cyfitter_cfg.h"
+#include "cydevice_trm.h"
+#include "cyfitter.h"
+#include "`$INSTANCE_NAME`_h.h"
+
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Start()
+{
+   `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Init();
+}    
+
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Stop()
+{
+    `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Disable();
+}
+
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Init()
+{    
+    `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Enable();
+    
+}
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Enable()
+{
+}
+
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Disable()
+{
+}
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/API/h.h
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/API/h.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#if !defined(`$INSTANCE_NAME`_H)
+#define `$INSTANCE_NAME`_H
+
+#include "cytypes.h"
+#include "cyfitter.h"
+#include "CyLib.h" 
+
+#define `$INSTANCE_NAME`_FIFO_PTR	         ((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__F0_REG)
+
+    /* Macros to clear DP FIFOs.*/
+#define `$INSTANCE_NAME`_CLEAR do { \
+    CY_SET_XTND_REG8(\
+        ((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG), 0x01u | \
+        CY_GET_XTND_REG8(((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG)));\
+    CY_SET_XTND_REG8(\
+        ((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG), 0xfeu & \
+        CY_GET_XTND_REG8(((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG)));\
+    } while(0)
+
+/* Macros to set FIFO level mode. See the TRM for details */
+#define `$INSTANCE_NAME`_SET_LEVEL_NORMAL \
+    CY_SET_XTND_REG8(\
+        ((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG), 0xfbu & \
+        CY_GET_XTND_REG8(((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG)))
+#define `$INSTANCE_NAME`_SET_LEVEL_MID \
+    CY_SET_XTND_REG8(\
+        ((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG), 0x04u | \
+        CY_GET_XTND_REG8(((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG)))
+
+/* Macros to set FIFO to single-buffer mode. */
+#define `$INSTANCE_NAME`_SINGLE_BUFFER_SET \
+    CY_SET_XTND_REG8(\
+        ((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG), 0x01u | \
+        CY_GET_XTND_REG8(((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG)))
+
+/* Macros to return the FIFO to normal mode. */
+#define `$INSTANCE_NAME`_SINGLE_BUFFER_UNSET \
+    CY_SET_XTND_REG8(\
+        ((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG), 0xfeu & \
+        CY_GET_XTND_REG8(((reg8 *) `$INSTANCE_NAME`_dp__DP_AUX_CTL_REG)))
+    
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Enable();
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Disable();
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Start();
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Stop();
+void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Init();
+
+#endif
+
+/* [] END OF FILE */
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/FIFOin.cysym
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/FIFOin.cysym
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/FIFOin.v
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOin/FIFOin.v
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+
+//`#start header` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+`include "cypress.v"
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+
+/* Ultra-simple FIFO in component: a byte is shifted in every clock when req
+ * is high. */
+ 
+module FIFOin (drq, clk, d, req);
+	output  drq;
+	input   clk;
+	input  [7:0] d;
+	input  req;
+
+//`#start body` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+
+wire [7:0] pi;
+assign pi = d;
+
+wire load;
+assign load = req;
+
+cy_psoc3_dp #(.cy_dpconfig(
+{
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM0:    */
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM1:     */
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM2:     */
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM3:     */
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM4:     */
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM5:     */
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM6:     */
+	`CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+	`CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+	`CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+	`CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM7:     */
+	8'hFF, 8'h00,	/*CFG9:     */
+	8'hFF, 8'hFF,	/*CFG11-10:     */
+	`SC_CMPB_A1_D1, `SC_CMPA_A1_D1, `SC_CI_B_ARITH,
+	`SC_CI_A_ARITH, `SC_C1_MASK_DSBL, `SC_C0_MASK_DSBL,
+	`SC_A_MASK_DSBL, `SC_DEF_SI_0, `SC_SI_B_DEFSI,
+	`SC_SI_A_DEFSI, /*CFG13-12:     */
+	`SC_A0_SRC_PIN, `SC_SHIFT_SL, 1'h0,
+	1'h0, `SC_FIFO1_BUS, `SC_FIFO0_ALU,
+	`SC_MSB_DSBL, `SC_MSB_BIT0, `SC_MSB_NOCHN,
+	`SC_FB_NOCHN, `SC_CMP1_NOCHN,
+	`SC_CMP0_NOCHN, /*CFG15-14:     */
+	10'h00, `SC_FIFO_CLK__DP,`SC_FIFO_CAP_AX,
+	`SC_FIFO_LEVEL,`SC_FIFO__SYNC,`SC_EXTCRC_DSBL,
+	`SC_WRK16CAT_DSBL /*CFG17-16:     */
+}
+)) dp(
+	/* input          */ .clk(clk),
+	/* input [02:00]  */ .cs_addr(3'b0),    // Program counter
+	/* input          */ .route_si(1'b0),   // Shift in
+	/* input          */ .route_ci(1'b0),   // Carry in
+	/* input          */ .f0_load(load),    // Load FIFO 0
+	/* input          */ .f1_load(1'b0), 	// Load FIFO 1
+	/* input          */ .d0_load(1'b0), 	// Load Data Register 0
+	/* input          */ .d1_load(1'b0), 	// Load Data Register 1
+	/* output         */ .ce0(), 			// Accumulator 0 = Data register 0
+	/* output         */ .cl0(), 			// Accumulator 0 < Data register 0
+	/* output         */ .z0(), 			// Accumulator 0 = 0
+	/* output         */ .ff0(), 			// Accumulator 0 = FF
+	/* output         */ .ce1(), 			// Accumulator [0|1] = Data register 1
+	/* output         */ .cl1(), 			// Accumulator [0|1] < Data register 1
+	/* output         */ .z1(), 			// Accumulator 1 = 0
+	/* output         */ .ff1(), 			// Accumulator 1 = FF
+	/* output         */ .ov_msb(), 		// Operation over flow
+	/* output         */ .co_msb(), 		// Carry out
+	/* output         */ .cmsb(), 			// Carry out
+	/* output         */ .so(), 			// Shift out
+    /* output         */ .f0_bus_stat(drq), // not empty
+	/* output         */ .f0_blk_stat(full),// full
+	/* output         */ .f1_bus_stat(), 	// FIFO 1 status to uP
+	/* output         */ .f1_blk_stat(), 	// FIFO 1 status to DP
+	/* input          */ .ci(1'b0), 		// Carry in from previous stage
+	/* output         */ .co(), 			// Carry out to next stage
+	/* input          */ .sir(1'b0), 		// Shift in from right side
+	/* output         */ .sor(), 			// Shift out to right side
+	/* input          */ .sil(1'b0), 		// Shift in from left side
+	/* output         */ .sol(), 			// Shift out to left side
+	/* input          */ .msbi(1'b0), 		// MSB chain in
+	/* output         */ .msbo(), 			// MSB chain out
+	/* input [01:00]  */ .cei(2'b0),        // Compare equal in from prev stage
+	/* output [01:00] */ .ceo(),            // Compare equal out to next stage
+	/* input [01:00]  */ .cli(2'b0), 	    // Compare less than in from prv stage
+	/* output [01:00] */ .clo(),            // Compare less than out to next stage
+	/* input [01:00]  */ .zi(2'b0),         // Zero detect in from previous stage
+	/* output [01:00] */ .zo(),             // Zero detect out to next stage
+	/* input [01:00]  */ .fi(2'b0), 		// 0xFF detect in from previous stage
+	/* output [01:00] */ .fo(), 	        // 0xFF detect out to next stage
+	/* input [01:00]  */ .capi(2'b0),	    // Capture in from previous stage
+	/* output [01:00] */ .capo(),		    // Capture out to next stage
+	/* input          */ .cfbi(1'b0), 		// CRC Feedback in from previous stage
+	/* output         */ .cfbo(), 			// CRC Feedback out to next stage
+	/* input [07:00]  */ .pi(pi), 		    // Parallel data port
+	/* output [07:00] */ .po()              // Parallel data port
+);
+
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+endmodule
+//`#start footer` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+
+
+
+
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOout/API/c.c
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOout/API/c.c
@@ -25,5 +25,3 @@ void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Enable()
 void `$INSTANCE_NAME`_Disable()
 {
 }
-
-/* [] END OF FILE */
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOout/FIFOout.v
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FIFOout/FIFOout.v
@@ -20,33 +20,34 @@ module FIFOout (
 wire [7:0] po;
 assign d = po;

-localparam STATE_WAITFORREQ    = 1'b0;
-localparam STATE_READ          = 1'b1;
+localparam STATE_WAITFORREQ = 0;
+localparam STATE_READFROMFIFO = 1;
+localparam STATE_WAITFORNREQ = 2;

-reg state;
-reg oldreq;
+reg [1:0] state;
+wire readfromfifo;

-assign ack = (state != STATE_READ);
+assign ack = (state == STATE_WAITFORNREQ);
+assign readfromfifo = (state == STATE_READFROMFIFO);

 always @(posedge clk)
 begin
    case (state)
+        /* opcode is not valid; req is low; wait for req to go high. */
        STATE_WAITFORREQ:
        begin
-            if (!empty)
-            begin
-                if (req && !oldreq)
-                begin
-                    state <= STATE_READ;
-                end
-                oldreq <= req;
-            end
+            if (!empty && req)
+                state <= STATE_READFROMFIFO;
        end
        
-        STATE_READ:
-        begin
-            state <= STATE_WAITFORREQ;
-        end
+        /* Fetch a single value from the FIFO. */
+        STATE_READFROMFIFO:
+            state <= STATE_WAITFORNREQ;
+            
+        /* opcode is valid; ack is high. Wait for req to go low. */
+        STATE_WAITFORNREQ:
+            if (!req)
+                state <= STATE_WAITFORREQ;
    endcase
 end
            
@@ -55,11 +56,11 @@ cy_psoc3_dp #(.cy_dpconfig(
    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
-    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM0: STATE_WAITFORREQ*/
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM0: idle */
    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC___F0, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
-    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM1: STATE_LOAD*/
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM1: read from fifo */
    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ cy_psoc3_dp #(.cy_dpconfig(
 )) dp(
        /*  input                   */  .reset(1'b0),
        /*  input                   */  .clk(clk),
-        /*  input   [02:00]         */  .cs_addr({2'b0, state}),
+        /*  input   [02:00]         */  .cs_addr({2'b0, readfromfifo}),
        /*  input                   */  .route_si(1'b0),
        /*  input                   */  .route_ci(1'b0),
        /*  input                   */  .f0_load(1'b0),
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FluxEngine.cydwr
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FluxEngine.cydwr
@@ -52,6 +52,30 @@
        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
      </Group>
+      <Group key="3f3708ae-fb62-4012-919b-9a3b9a1dfbc2">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="NAMED_DIVIDER" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="0" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="15" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="0" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="Clock_8" />
+        <Data key="named_src_direct_connect" value="True" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="Clock_8" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="75C2148C-3656-4d8a-846D-0CAE99AB6FF7" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="BUS_CLK" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
      <Group key="4eef02b9-8ad1-43c4-85f1-b3335faa5fc4">
        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
@@ -171,6 +195,54 @@
        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
      </Group>
+      <Group key="71bc291d-84a7-40a8-b7b2-1c8a34326a31">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="NAMED_FREQ" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="300" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="0" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="65536" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="CLOCK300" />
+        <Data key="named_src_direct_connect" value="False" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="CLOCK300" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="CEF43CFB-0213-49b9-B980-2FFAB81C5B47" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="IMO" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
+      <Group key="90ce0c72-9f10-44ef-a049-f0f525d59bea">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="NAMED_FREQ" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="128" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="0" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="65536" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="CLOCK8" />
+        <Data key="named_src_direct_connect" value="False" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="CLOCK8" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="CEF43CFB-0213-49b9-B980-2FFAB81C5B47" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="IMO" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
      <Group key="349ffa20-8576-4ac3-9a6f-34ef606de6cf">
        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
@@ -194,6 +266,29 @@
        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
      </Group>
+      <Group key="4033c29d-f4bc-4e94-ac95-aa587e869f88/696a0979-21fc-4185-bf38-6c79febcde7a">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="False" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="1600000" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="0" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="40" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_theACLK" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="\OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC:theACLK\" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="61737EF6-3B74-48f9-8B91-F7473A442AE7" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="MASTER_CLK" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
      <Group key="6616e828-6611-4893-a674-66c861d79d6c">
        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
@@ -265,6 +360,53 @@
        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
      </Group>
+      <Group key="09974428-e912-491f-8d2f-361ba50e7599">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="NAMED_DIVIDER" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="0" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="15" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="0" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="Clock_6" />
+        <Data key="named_src_direct_connect" value="True" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="Clock_6" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="75C2148C-3656-4d8a-846D-0CAE99AB6FF7" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="BUS_CLK" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
+      <Group key="a5825a94-fa18-4e4f-a843-bc687cacbd56/696a0979-21fc-4185-bf38-6c79febcde7a">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="False" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="1600000" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="0" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="40" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_theACLK" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="\INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC:theACLK\" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="61737EF6-3B74-48f9-8B91-F7473A442AE7" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="MASTER_CLK" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
      <Group key="b762c287-7f87-4b21-982e-84be01dc5115">
        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
@@ -312,6 +454,30 @@
        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
      </Group>
+      <Group key="b722443b-8f81-46dc-bf9b-c95eb62bc181">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="NAMED_DIVIDER" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="0" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="15" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="0" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="Clock_1" />
+        <Data key="named_src_direct_connect" value="True" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="Clock_1" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="75C2148C-3656-4d8a-846D-0CAE99AB6FF7" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="BUS_CLK" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
      <Group key="cb7e877c-9fb4-4fc1-a708-f1e48eb5a68c">
        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
@@ -336,6 +502,30 @@
        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
      </Group>
+      <Group key="d3075dc6-05c8-4dc9-9959-cf7014c0e66f">
+        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
+        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
+        <Data key="derive_type" value="NAMED_DIVIDER" />
+        <Data key="desired_freq" value="0" />
+        <Data key="desired_unit" value="15" />
+        <Data key="divider" value="0" />
+        <Data key="domain" value="DIGITAL" />
+        <Data key="enabled" value="True" />
+        <Data key="minus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="minus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="name" value="Clock_7" />
+        <Data key="named_src_direct_connect" value="True" />
+        <Data key="netlist_name" value="Clock_7" />
+        <Data key="placement" value="AUTO" />
+        <Data key="plus_accuracy" value="0.25" />
+        <Data key="plus_tolerance" value="5" />
+        <Data key="scope" value="LOCAL" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_id" value="75C2148C-3656-4d8a-846D-0CAE99AB6FF7" />
+        <Data key="src_clk_name" value="BUS_CLK" />
+        <Data key="start_on_reset" value="True" />
+        <Data key="sync_with_bus_clk" value="True" />
+        <Data key="user_set_domain" value="False" />
+      </Group>
      <Group key="e4a53a4c-40e1-4747-a72a-10193ffdf31c">
        <Data key="check_tolerance" value="True" />
        <Data key="clock_version" value="v1" />
@@ -624,7 +814,7 @@
  </Group>
  <Group key="Component">
    <Group key="v1">
-      <Data key="cy_boot" value="cy_boot_v5_80" />
+      <Data key="cy_boot" value="cy_boot_v5_81" />
      <Data key="Em_EEPROM_Dynamic" value="Em_EEPROM_Dynamic_v2_20" />
      <Data key="LIN_Dynamic" value="LIN_Dynamic_v5_0" />
    </Group>
@@ -634,31 +824,42 @@
    <Group key="Clock">
      <Data key="0b2f9bbb-00ce-4115-a788-ffb9d046a9e5" value="Clock_4" />
      <Data key="1a7e8637-3b6b-4e84-839c-0dfc18fdaf5b" value="Clock_5" />
+      <Data key="3f3708ae-fb62-4012-919b-9a3b9a1dfbc2" value="Clock_8" />
      <Data key="4eef02b9-8ad1-43c4-85f1-b3335faa5fc4" value="Clock_3" />
      <Data key="06c4d5d4-f15f-4b29-a1d0-c24b2e38b1ec" value="CounterClock" />
      <Data key="24cd38f7-f472-4403-837f-86807c8f5333" value="PULSE_CLOCK" />
      <Data key="63ed4137-0b09-4256-8a27-35c9a2653f1a" value="Clock_2" />
      <Data key="66f14071-bddd-4b4d-a9aa-a129cceaa7b6" value="Clock_3" />
+      <Data key="71bc291d-84a7-40a8-b7b2-1c8a34326a31" value="CLOCK300" />
+      <Data key="90ce0c72-9f10-44ef-a049-f0f525d59bea" value="CLOCK8" />
      <Data key="349ffa20-8576-4ac3-9a6f-34ef606de6cf" value="Clock_1" />
+      <Data key="4033c29d-f4bc-4e94-ac95-aa587e869f88/696a0979-21fc-4185-bf38-6c79febcde7a" value="OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_theACLK" />
      <Data key="6616e828-6611-4893-a674-66c861d79d6c" value="SignalSamplingClock" />
      <Data key="12664fc6-9d70-44b1-8a49-887a292e1b7f" value="Clock_3" />
      <Data key="75187c05-9501-4450-b306-6ccdd3bb77db" value="Clock_5" />
+      <Data key="09974428-e912-491f-8d2f-361ba50e7599" value="Clock_6" />
+      <Data key="a5825a94-fa18-4e4f-a843-bc687cacbd56/696a0979-21fc-4185-bf38-6c79febcde7a" value="INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_theACLK" />
      <Data key="b762c287-7f87-4b21-982e-84be01dc5115" value="Clock_2" />
      <Data key="b0162966-0060-4af5-82d1-fcb491ad7619/be0a0e37-ad17-42ca-b5a1-1a654d736358" value="UART_IntClock" />
+      <Data key="b722443b-8f81-46dc-bf9b-c95eb62bc181" value="Clock_1" />
      <Data key="cb7e877c-9fb4-4fc1-a708-f1e48eb5a68c" value="CounterClock" />
+      <Data key="d3075dc6-05c8-4dc9-9959-cf7014c0e66f" value="Clock_7" />
      <Data key="e4a53a4c-40e1-4747-a72a-10193ffdf31c" value="Clock_1" />
      <Data key="efd5f185-0c32-4824-ba72-3ceb5356f5a7" value="Clock_1" />
    </Group>
    <Group key="Pin">
+      <Data key="3e1862bb-be82-47b0-9549-7ebfe76b6f7b" value="Pin_2" />
      <Data key="4a398466-709f-4228-9500-96178658e13e" value="RDATA" />
      <Data key="5a3407c1-b434-4438-a7b4-b9dfd2280495" value="MOTEA" />
      <Data key="8d318d8b-cf7b-4b6b-b02c-ab1c5c49d0ba" value="SW1" />
+      <Data key="8fc20a4f-e4d1-44b3-a5d4-546e8628d61e" value="LED" />
      <Data key="12e00eac-69b5-4717-85c8-25ef6b224d4c" value="DEBUG_PINS" />
      <Data key="41e2d8ed-5494-4d8c-8ff7-f4f789cece51" value="REDWC" />
      <Data key="264be2d3-9481-494b-8d9c-c1905a45e9cc" value="FDD" />
      <Data key="472f8fdb-f772-44fb-8897-cc690694237b" value="WDATA" />
      <Data key="736cb12b-c863-43d4-a8f0-42f06023f8b5" value="SIDE1" />
      <Data key="4249c923-fcff-453b-8629-bec6fddd00c1" value="STEP" />
+      <Data key="27315b0e-6a8c-4b7f-be77-73ab434fa803" value="Pin_1" />
      <Data key="1425177d-0d0e-4468-8bcc-e638e5509a9b" value="UartRx" />
      <Data key="a5d987c6-e45b-45b9-ad93-656fab06d720" value="TRK00" />
      <Data key="a93ef5b3-00f4-42c0-8fad-0e275a7e2537" value="MOTEB" />
@@ -670,10 +871,12 @@
      <Data key="c5367cde-21d5-4866-9a32-d16abfea0c61" value="WPT" />
      <Data key="d19368c5-6855-41bb-a9ff-808938abef00" value="INDEX" />
      <Data key="e9f14b5a-b2bf-49b8-98f3-d7b5a43ace8d" value="DRVSB" />
-      <Data key="e851a3b9-efb8-48be-bbb8-b303b216c393" value="LED_PIN" />
+      <Data key="e16b5ef8-00d3-40a4-bc1c-194983c8eb3d" value="LOW_CURRENT" />
+      <Data key="e851a3b9-efb8-48be-bbb8-b303b216c393" value="INDEX300" />
      <Data key="e51063a9-4fad-40c7-a06b-7cc4b137dc18" value="DSKCHG" />
      <Data key="ea7ee228-8b3f-426c-8bb8-cd7a81937769" value="DIR" />
      <Data key="ed092b9b-d398-4703-be89-cebf998501f6" value="UartTx" />
+      <Data key="f9a7371a-8a7d-4144-8b08-69e3d2a3a663" value="INDEX360" />
      <Data key="fbd1f839-40f9-498e-a48b-5f3048ea5c3d/52f31aa9-2f0a-497d-9a1f-1424095e13e6" value="UART_tx" />
      <Data key="fede1767-f3fd-4021-b3d7-8f9d88f36f9b" value="DRVSA" />
      <Data key="fff78075-035e-43d7-8577-bc5be4d21926" value="WGATE" />
@@ -3763,6 +3966,11 @@
    </Group>
  </Group>
  <Group key="Pin2">
+    <Group key="3e1862bb-be82-47b0-9549-7ebfe76b6f7b">
+      <Group key="0">
+        <Data key="Port Format" value="0,6" />
+      </Group>
+    </Group>
    <Group key="4a398466-709f-4228-9500-96178658e13e">
      <Group key="0">
        <Data key="Port Format" value="1,5" />
@@ -3778,6 +3986,11 @@
        <Data key="Port Format" value="2,2" />
      </Group>
    </Group>
+    <Group key="8fc20a4f-e4d1-44b3-a5d4-546e8628d61e">
+      <Group key="0">
+        <Data key="Port Format" value="2,1" />
+      </Group>
+    </Group>
    <Group key="12e00eac-69b5-4717-85c8-25ef6b224d4c">
      <Group key="0">
        <Data key="Port Format" value="2,2" />
@@ -3859,6 +4072,11 @@
        <Data key="Port Format" value="1,0" />
      </Group>
    </Group>
+    <Group key="27315b0e-6a8c-4b7f-be77-73ab434fa803">
+      <Group key="0">
+        <Data key="Port Format" value="0,7" />
+      </Group>
+    </Group>
    <Group key="1425177d-0d0e-4468-8bcc-e638e5509a9b">
      <Group key="0">
        <Data key="Port Format" value="12,6" />
@@ -3944,9 +4162,14 @@
        <Data key="Port Format" value="12,3" />
      </Group>
    </Group>
+    <Group key="e16b5ef8-00d3-40a4-bc1c-194983c8eb3d">
+      <Group key="0">
+        <Data key="Port Format" value="3,2" />
+      </Group>
+    </Group>
    <Group key="e851a3b9-efb8-48be-bbb8-b303b216c393">
      <Group key="0">
-        <Data key="Port Format" value="2,1" />
+        <Data key="Port Format" value="3,0" />
      </Group>
    </Group>
    <Group key="e51063a9-4fad-40c7-a06b-7cc4b137dc18">
@@ -3964,6 +4187,11 @@
        <Data key="Port Format" value="12,7" />
      </Group>
    </Group>
+    <Group key="f9a7371a-8a7d-4144-8b08-69e3d2a3a663">
+      <Group key="0">
+        <Data key="Port Format" value="3,1" />
+      </Group>
+    </Group>
    <Group key="fbd1f839-40f9-498e-a48b-5f3048ea5c3d/52f31aa9-2f0a-497d-9a1f-1424095e13e6">
      <Group key="0">
        <Data key="Port Format" value="12,7" />
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/FluxEngine.cyprj
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/FluxEngine.cyprj
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/UdbSampler/UdbSampler.cysym
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/UdbSampler/UdbSampler.cysym
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/Sampler/Sampler.v
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/Sampler/Sampler.v
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+
+//`#start header` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+`include "cypress.v"
+
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+// Generated on 12/11/2019 at 21:18
+// Component: Sampler
+module Sampler (
+	output [2:0] debug_state,
+	output reg [7:0] opcode,
+	output  reg       req,
+	input   clock,
+	input   index,
+	input   rdata,
+	input   reset,
+	input   sampleclock
+);
+
+//`#start body` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+
+// NOTE: Reset pulse is used in both clock domains, and must be long enough
+// to be detected in both.
+
+reg [5:0] counter;
+
+reg index_q;
+reg rdata_q;
+
+reg index_edge;
+reg rdata_edge;
+
+reg req_toggle;
+
+always @(posedge sampleclock)
+begin
+    if (reset)
+    begin
+        index_edge <= 0;
+        rdata_edge <= 0;
+        index_q <= 0;
+        rdata_q <= 0;
+        counter <= 0;
+        req_toggle <= 0;
+    end
+    else
+    begin
+        /* Both index and rdata are active high -- positive-going edges
+         * indicate the start of an index pulse and read pulse, respectively.
+         */
+         
+        index_edge <= index && !index_q;
+        index_q <= index;
+        
+        rdata_edge <= rdata && !rdata_q;
+        rdata_q <= rdata;
+        
+        if (rdata_edge || index_edge || (counter == 6'h3f)) begin
+            opcode <= { rdata_edge, index_edge, counter };
+            req_toggle <= ~req_toggle;
+            counter <= 1;   /* remember to count this tick */
+        end else begin
+            counter <= counter + 1;
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+reg req_toggle_q;
+
+always @(posedge clock)
+begin
+    if (reset) begin
+        req_toggle_q <= 0;
+        req <= 0;
+    end else begin
+        req_toggle_q <= req_toggle;
+        req <= (req_toggle != req_toggle_q);
+    end
+end
+
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+endmodule
+//`#start footer` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/Sequencer/Sequencer.v
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/Sequencer/Sequencer.v
@@ -18,21 +18,16 @@ module Sequencer (

 //`#start body` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line

-localparam STATE_IDLE = 0;
-localparam STATE_LOAD = 1;
-localparam STATE_WAITING = 2;
-localparam STATE_PULSING = 3;
-localparam STATE_INDEXING = 4;
+localparam STATE_LOAD = 0;
+localparam STATE_WRITING = 1;

-localparam OPCODE_PULSE = 8'h80;
-localparam OPCODE_INDEX = 8'h81;
+reg state;
+reg [5:0] countdown;
+reg pulsepending;

-reg [2:0] state;
-reg [6:0] countdown;
-
-assign req = (state == STATE_LOAD);
-assign wdata = (state == STATE_PULSING);
-assign debug_state = state;
+assign req = (!reset && (state == STATE_LOAD));
+assign wdata = (!reset && (state == STATE_WRITING) && (countdown == 0) && pulsepending);
+assign debug_state = 0;

 reg olddataclock;
 wire dataclocked;
@@ -40,9 +35,7 @@ always @(posedge clock) olddataclock <= dataclock;
 assign dataclocked = !olddataclock && dataclock;

 reg oldsampleclock;
-wire sampleclocked;
-always @(posedge clock) oldsampleclock <= sampleclock;
-assign sampleclocked = !oldsampleclock && sampleclock;
+reg sampleclocked;

 reg oldindex;
 wire indexed;
@@ -53,46 +46,44 @@ always @(posedge clock)
 begin
    if (reset)
    begin
-        state <= STATE_IDLE;
+        state <= STATE_LOAD;
        countdown <= 0;
+        pulsepending <= 0;
+        oldsampleclock <= 0;
    end
    else
+    begin
+        if (!oldsampleclock && sampleclock)
+            sampleclocked <= 1;
+        oldsampleclock <= sampleclock;
+            
        case (state)
-            STATE_IDLE:
-                state <= STATE_LOAD;
-            
            STATE_LOAD:
+            begin
+                /* A posedge on dataclocked indicates that another opcode has
+                 * arrived. */
                if (dataclocked)
-                    case (opcode)
-                        OPCODE_PULSE:
-                            state <= STATE_PULSING;
-                        
-                        OPCODE_INDEX:
-                            state <= STATE_INDEXING;
-                        
-                        default:
-                        begin
-                            countdown <= opcode[6:0];
-                            state <= STATE_WAITING;
-                        end
-                    endcase
+                begin
+                    pulsepending <= opcode[7];
+                    countdown <= opcode[5:0];
+                    
+                    state <= STATE_WRITING;
+                end
+            end
            
-            STATE_WAITING:
+            STATE_WRITING:
+            begin
                if (sampleclocked)
                begin
                    if (countdown == 0)
                        state <= STATE_LOAD;
                    else
                        countdown <= countdown - 1;
+                    sampleclocked <= 0;
                end
-            
-            STATE_PULSING:
-                state <= STATE_LOAD;
-            
-            STATE_INDEXING:
-                if (indexed)
-                    state <= STATE_LOAD;
+            end
        endcase
+    end
 end

 //`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/SuperCounter/SuperCounter.cysym
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/SuperCounter/SuperCounter.cysym
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/SuperCounter/SuperCounter.v
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/SuperCounter/SuperCounter.v
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+
+//`#start header` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+`include "cypress.v"
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+// Generated on 11/16/2017 at 15:44
+// Component: FIFOout
+module SuperCounter (
+	input clk,
+    input reset,
+    input count,
+    output [7:0] d,
+	output drq,
+	output empty,
+    output ack
+);
+
+//`#start body` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+
+parameter ResetValue = 0;
+parameter Delta = 1;
+    
+wire [7:0] po;
+assign d = po;
+
+localparam STATE_RESET = 0;
+localparam STATE_WAIT = 1;
+localparam STATE_ADD = 2;
+
+reg oldcount;
+wire counted;
+assign counted = count && !oldcount;
+
+always @(posedge clk) oldcount <= count;
+
+wire [2:0] cs;
+assign cs = reset ? STATE_RESET : (counted ? STATE_ADD : STATE_WAIT);
+            
+cy_psoc3_dp #(.d0_init(ResetValue), .d1_init(Delta), 
+.cy_dpconfig(
+{
+    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC___D0, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM0:  STATE_RESET*/
+    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC__ALU, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM1:  STATE_WAIT*/
+    `CS_ALU_OP__ADD, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D1,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC__ALU, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM2:  STATE_ADD*/
+    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM3:             */
+    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM4:             */
+    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM5:             */
+    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM6:             */
+    `CS_ALU_OP_PASS, `CS_SRCA_A0, `CS_SRCB_D0,
+    `CS_SHFT_OP_PASS, `CS_A0_SRC_NONE, `CS_A1_SRC_NONE,
+    `CS_FEEDBACK_DSBL, `CS_CI_SEL_CFGA, `CS_SI_SEL_CFGA,
+    `CS_CMP_SEL_CFGA, /*CFGRAM7:             */
+    8'hFF, 8'h00,  /*CFG9:             */
+    8'hFF, 8'hFF,  /*CFG11-10:             */
+    `SC_CMPB_A1_D1, `SC_CMPA_A1_D1, `SC_CI_B_ARITH,
+    `SC_CI_A_ARITH, `SC_C1_MASK_DSBL, `SC_C0_MASK_DSBL,
+    `SC_A_MASK_DSBL, `SC_DEF_SI_0, `SC_SI_B_DEFSI,
+    `SC_SI_A_DEFSI, /*CFG13-12:             */
+    `SC_A0_SRC_ACC, `SC_SHIFT_SL, 1'h0,
+    1'h0, `SC_FIFO1_BUS, `SC_FIFO0_BUS,
+    `SC_MSB_DSBL, `SC_MSB_BIT0, `SC_MSB_NOCHN,
+    `SC_FB_NOCHN, `SC_CMP1_NOCHN,
+    `SC_CMP0_NOCHN, /*CFG15-14:             */
+    10'h00, `SC_FIFO_CLK__DP,`SC_FIFO_CAP_AX,
+    `SC_FIFO_LEVEL,`SC_FIFO_ASYNC,`SC_EXTCRC_DSBL,
+    `SC_WRK16CAT_DSBL /*CFG17-16:             */
+}
+)) dp(
+        /*  input                   */  .reset(1'b0),
+        /*  input                   */  .clk(clk),
+        /*  input   [02:00]         */  .cs_addr(cs),
+        /*  input                   */  .route_si(1'b0),
+        /*  input                   */  .route_ci(1'b0),
+        /*  input                   */  .f0_load(1'b0),
+        /*  input                   */  .f1_load(1'b0),
+        /*  input                   */  .d0_load(1'b0),
+        /*  input                   */  .d1_load(1'b0),
+        /*  output                  */  .ce0(),
+        /*  output                  */  .cl0(),
+        /*  output                  */  .z0(),
+        /*  output                  */  .ff0(),
+        /*  output                  */  .ce1(),
+        /*  output                  */  .cl1(),
+        /*  output                  */  .z1(),
+        /*  output                  */  .ff1(),
+        /*  output                  */  .ov_msb(),
+        /*  output                  */  .co_msb(),
+        /*  output                  */  .cmsb(),
+        /*  output                  */  .so(),
+        /*  output                  */  .f0_bus_stat(),
+        /*  output                  */  .f0_blk_stat(),
+        /*  output                  */  .f1_bus_stat(),
+        /*  output                  */  .f1_blk_stat(),
+        
+        /* input                    */  .ci(1'b0),     // Carry in from previous stage
+        /* output                   */  .co(),// Carry out to next stage
+        /* input                    */  .sir(1'b0),    // Shift in from right side
+        /* output                   */  .sor(),        // Shift out to right side
+        /* input                    */  .sil(1'b0),    // Shift in from left side
+        /* output                   */  .sol(),        // Shift out to left side
+        /* input                    */  .msbi(1'b0),   // MSB chain in
+        /* output                   */  .msbo(),       // MSB chain out
+        /* input [01:00]            */  .cei(2'b0),    // Compare equal in from prev stage
+        /* output [01:00]           */  .ceo(),        // Compare equal out to next stage
+        /* input [01:00]            */  .cli(2'b0),    // Compare less than in from prv stage
+        /* output [01:00]           */  .clo(),        // Compare less than out to next stage
+        /* input [01:00]            */  .zi(2'b0),     // Zero detect in from previous stage
+        /* output [01:00]           */  .zo(),         // Zero detect out to next stage
+        /* input [01:00]            */  .fi(2'b0),     // 0xFF detect in from previous stage
+        /* output [01:00]           */  .fo(),         // 0xFF detect out to next stage
+        /* input [01:00]            */  .capi(2'b0),   // Software capture from previous stage
+        /* output [01:00]           */  .capo(),       // Software capture to next stage
+        /* input                    */  .cfbi(1'b0),   // CRC Feedback in from previous stage
+        /* output                   */  .cfbo(),       // CRC Feedback out to next stage
+        /* input [07:00]            */  .pi(8'b0),     // Parallel data port
+        /* output [07:00]           */  .po(po)       // Parallel data port
+);
+
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+endmodule
+//`#start footer` -- edit after this line, do not edit this line
+//`#end` -- edit above this line, do not edit this line
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/TopDesign/TopDesign.cysch
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/TopDesign/TopDesign.cysch
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/UdbSampler/UdbSampler.cyudb
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/UdbSampler/UdbSampler.cyudb
--- a/FluxEngine.cydsn/main.c
+++ b/FluxEngine.cydsn/main.c
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 #include <setjmp.h>
 #include "project.h"
 #include "../protocol.h"
-#include "../lib/common/crunch.h"

 #define MOTOR_ON_TIME 5000 /* milliseconds */
 #define STEP_INTERVAL_TIME 6 /* ms */
@@ -14,19 +13,26 @@
 #define DISKSTATUS_WPT    1
 #define DISKSTATUS_DSKCHG 2

-#define STEP_TOWARDS0 1
-#define STEP_AWAYFROM0 0
+#define STEP_TOWARDS0 0
+#define STEP_AWAYFROM0 1

-static volatile uint32_t clock = 0;
+static bool drive0_present;
+static bool drive1_present;
+
+static volatile uint32_t clock = 0; /* ms */
 static volatile bool index_irq = false;
+/* Duration in ms. 0 causes every pulse to be an index pulse. Durations since
+ * last pulse greater than this value imply sector pulse. Otherwise is an index
+ * pulse. */
+static volatile uint32_t hardsec_index_threshold = 0;

 static bool motor_on = false;
 static uint32_t motor_on_time = 0;
 static bool homed = false;
 static int current_track = 0;
-static uint8_t current_drive_flags = 0;
+static struct set_drive_frame current_drive_flags;

-#define BUFFER_COUNT 16
+#define BUFFER_COUNT 64 /* the maximum */
 #define BUFFER_SIZE 64
 static uint8_t td[BUFFER_COUNT];
 static uint8_t dma_buffer[BUFFER_COUNT][BUFFER_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned()));
@@ -41,21 +47,60 @@ static volatile bool dma_underrun = false;
 #define DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(STRUCT, TYPE) \
    STRUCT r = {.f = { .type = TYPE, .size = sizeof(STRUCT) }}

+static void stop_motor(void);
+
 static void system_timer_cb(void)
 {
    CyGlobalIntDisable;
    clock++;
+    
+    static int counter300rpm = 0;
+    counter300rpm++;
+    if (counter300rpm == 200)
+        counter300rpm = 0;
+    
+    static int counter360rpm = 0;
+    counter360rpm++;
+    if (counter360rpm == 167)
+        counter360rpm = 0;
+    
+    FAKE_INDEX_GENERATOR_REG_Write(
+        ((counter300rpm == 0) ? 1 : 0)
+        | ((counter360rpm == 0) ? 2 : 0));
+    
    CyGlobalIntEnable;
 }

 CY_ISR(index_irq_cb)
 {
-    index_irq = true;
+    /* Hard sectored media has sector pulses at the beginning of every sector
+     * and the index pulse is an extra pulse in the middle of the last sector.
+     * When the extra pulse is seen, the next sector pulse is also the start of
+     * the track. */
+    static bool hardsec_index_irq_primed = false;
+    static uint32_t hardsec_last_pulse_time = 0;
+
+    if (!hardsec_index_threshold)
+    {
+        index_irq = true;
+        hardsec_index_irq_primed = false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        index_irq = hardsec_index_irq_primed;
+        if (index_irq)
+            hardsec_index_irq_primed = false;
+        else
+            hardsec_index_irq_primed =
+                clock - hardsec_last_pulse_time <= hardsec_index_threshold;
+        hardsec_last_pulse_time = clock;
+    }
    
    /* Stop writing the instant the index pulse comes along; it may take a few
     * moments for the main code to notice the pulse, and we don't want to overwrite
     * the beginning of the track. */
-    ERASE_REG_Write(0);
+    if (index_irq)
+        ERASE_REG_Write(0);
 }

 CY_ISR(capture_dma_finished_irq_cb)
@@ -85,10 +130,25 @@ static void print(const char* msg, ...)
    UART_PutCRLF();
 }

+static void set_drive_flags(struct set_drive_frame* flags)
+{
+    if (current_drive_flags.drive != flags->drive)
+    {
+        stop_motor();
+        homed = false;
+    }
+    
+    current_drive_flags = *flags;
+    DRIVESELECT_REG_Write(flags->drive ? 2 : 1); /* select drive 1 or 0 */
+    DENSITY_REG_Write(flags->high_density); /* density bit */
+    INDEX_REG_Write(flags->index_mode);
+}
+
 static void start_motor(void)
 {
    if (!motor_on)
    {
+        set_drive_flags(&current_drive_flags);
        MOTOR_REG_Write(1);
        CyDelay(1000);
        homed = false;
@@ -99,12 +159,28 @@ static void start_motor(void)
    CyWdtClear();
 }

+static void stop_motor(void)
+{
+    if (motor_on)
+    {
+        MOTOR_REG_Write(0);
+        DRIVESELECT_REG_Write(0); /* deselect all drives */
+        motor_on = false;
+    }
+}
+
 static void wait_until_writeable(int ep)
 {
    while (USBFS_GetEPState(ep) != USBFS_IN_BUFFER_EMPTY)
        ;
 }

+static void wait_until_readable(int ep)
+{
+    while (USBFS_GetEPState(ep) != USBFS_OUT_BUFFER_FULL)
+        ;
+}
+
 static void send_reply(struct any_frame* f)
 {
    print("reply 0x%02x", f->f.type);
@@ -122,9 +198,15 @@ static void send_error(int code)
 /* buffer must be big enough for a frame */
 static int usb_read(int ep, uint8_t buffer[FRAME_SIZE])
 {
+    if (USBFS_GetEPState(ep) != USBFS_OUT_BUFFER_FULL)
+    {
+        USBFS_EnableOutEP(ep);
+        wait_until_readable(ep);
+    }
+
    int length = USBFS_GetEPCount(ep);
    USBFS_ReadOutEP(ep, buffer, length);
-    while (USBFS_GetEPState(ep) == USBFS_OUT_BUFFER_FULL)
+    while (USBFS_GetEPState(ep) != USBFS_OUT_BUFFER_EMPTY)
        ;
    return length;
 }
@@ -138,25 +220,36 @@ static void cmd_get_version(struct any_frame* f)

 static void step(int dir)
 {
-    STEP_REG_Write(dir);
-    CyDelayUs(1);
-    STEP_REG_Write(dir | 2);
-    CyDelayUs(1);
-    STEP_REG_Write(dir);
+    STEP_REG_Write(dir); /* step high */
+    CyDelayUs(6);
+    STEP_REG_Write(dir | 2); /* step low */
+    CyDelayUs(6);
+    STEP_REG_Write(dir); /* step high again, drive moves now */
    CyDelay(STEP_INTERVAL_TIME);
 }

+/* returns true if it looks like a drive is attached */
+static bool home(void)
+{
+    for (int i=0; i<100; i++)
+    {
+        /* Don't keep stepping forever, because if a drive's
+         * not connected bad things happen. */
+        if (TRACK0_REG_Read())
+            return true;
+        step(STEP_TOWARDS0);
+    }
+    
+    return false;
+}
+
 static void seek_to(int track)
 {
    start_motor();
-    if (!homed)
+    if (!homed || (track == 0))
    {
        print("homing");
-        while (!TRACK0_REG_Read())
-            step(STEP_TOWARDS0);
-            
-        /* Step to -1, which should be a nop, to reset the disk on disk change. */
-        step(STEP_TOWARDS0);
+        home();
        
        homed = true;
        current_track = 0;
@@ -167,11 +260,7 @@ static void seek_to(int track)
    while (track != current_track)
    {
        if (TRACK0_REG_Read())
-        {
-            if (current_track != 0)
-                print("unexpectedly detected track 0");
            current_track = 0;
-        }
        
        if (track > current_track)
        {
@@ -186,6 +275,8 @@ static void seek_to(int track)
        CyWdtClear();
    }
    CyDelay(STEP_SETTLING_TIME);
+    
+    TK43_REG_Write(track < 43); /* high if 0..42, low if 43 or up */
    print("finished seek");
 }

@@ -204,30 +295,48 @@ static void cmd_recalibrate(void)
    send_reply(&r);    
 }
    
-static void cmd_measure_speed(struct any_frame* f)
+static void cmd_measure_speed(struct measurespeed_frame* f)
 {
    start_motor();
    
-    index_irq = false;
-    while (!index_irq)
-        ;
    index_irq = false;
    int start_clock = clock;
+    int elapsed = 0;
    while (!index_irq)
-        ;
-    int end_clock = clock;
+    {
+        elapsed = clock - start_clock;
+        if (elapsed > 1000)
+        {
+            elapsed = 0;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (elapsed != 0)
+    {
+        int target_pulse_count = f->hard_sector_count + 1;
+        start_clock = clock;
+        for (int x=0; x<target_pulse_count; x++)
+        {
+            index_irq = false;
+            while (!index_irq)
+                elapsed = clock - start_clock;
+        }
+    }
    
    DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct speed_frame, F_FRAME_MEASURE_SPEED_REPLY);
-    r.period_ms = end_clock - start_clock;
+    r.period_ms = elapsed;
    send_reply((struct any_frame*) &r);    
 }

-static void cmd_bulk_test(struct any_frame* f)
+static void cmd_bulk_write_test(struct any_frame* f)
 {
    uint8_t buffer[64];
    
    wait_until_writeable(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM);
    for (int x=0; x<64; x++)
+    {
+        CyWdtClear();
        for (int y=0; y<256; y++)
        {
            for (unsigned z=0; z<sizeof(buffer); z++)
@@ -236,11 +345,44 @@ static void cmd_bulk_test(struct any_frame* f)
            wait_until_writeable(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM);
            USBFS_LoadInEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        }
+    }
    
-    DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct any_frame, F_FRAME_BULK_TEST_REPLY);
+    DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct any_frame, F_FRAME_BULK_WRITE_TEST_REPLY);
    send_reply(&r);
 }

+static void cmd_bulk_read_test(struct any_frame* f)
+{
+    uint8_t buffer[64];
+    
+    bool passed = true;
+    for (int x=0; x<64; x++)
+    {
+        CyWdtClear();
+        for (int y=0; y<256; y++)
+        {
+            usb_read(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM, buffer);
+            for (unsigned z=0; z<sizeof(buffer); z++)
+            {
+                if (buffer[z] != (uint8)(x+y+z))
+                {
+                    print("fail %d+%d+%d == %d, not %d", x, y, z, buffer[z], (uint8)(x+y+z));
+                    passed = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    print("passed=%d", passed);
+    if (passed)
+    {
+        DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct any_frame, F_FRAME_BULK_READ_TEST_REPLY);
+        send_reply(&r);
+    }
+    else
+        send_error(F_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE);
+}
+
 static void deinit_dma(void)
 {
    for (int i=0; i<BUFFER_COUNT; i++)
@@ -249,8 +391,8 @@ static void deinit_dma(void)

 static void init_capture_dma(void)
 {
-    dma_channel = CAPTURE_DMA_DmaInitialize(
-        2 /* bytes */,
+    dma_channel = SAMPLER_DMA_DmaInitialize(
+        1 /* bytes */,
        true /* request per burst */, 
        HI16(CYDEV_PERIPH_BASE),
        HI16(CYDEV_SRAM_BASE));
@@ -264,47 +406,46 @@ static void init_capture_dma(void)
            nexti = 0;

        CyDmaTdSetConfiguration(td[i], BUFFER_SIZE, td[nexti],   
-            CY_DMA_TD_INC_DST_ADR | CAPTURE_DMA__TD_TERMOUT_EN);
-        CyDmaTdSetAddress(td[i], LO16((uint32)&SAMPLER_DATAPATH_F0_REG), LO16((uint32)&dma_buffer[i]));
+            CY_DMA_TD_INC_DST_ADR | SAMPLER_DMA__TD_TERMOUT_EN);
+        CyDmaTdSetAddress(td[i], LO16((uint32)SAMPLER_FIFO_FIFO_PTR), LO16((uint32)&dma_buffer[i]));
    }    
 }

 static void cmd_read(struct read_frame* f)
 {
-    SIDE_REG_Write(f->side);
    seek_to(current_track);
+    SIDE_REG_Write(f->side);
+    STEP_REG_Write(f->side); /* for drives which multiplex SIDE and DIR */
    
    /* Do slow setup *before* we go into the real-time bit. */
    
-    SAMPLER_CONTROL_Write(1); /* reset */
-    
    {
        uint8_t i = CyEnterCriticalSection();
-        SAMPLER_DATAPATH_F0_SET_LEVEL_MID;
-        SAMPLER_DATAPATH_F0_CLEAR;
-        SAMPLER_DATAPATH_F0_SINGLE_BUFFER_UNSET;
+        SAMPLER_FIFO_SET_LEVEL_NORMAL;
+        SAMPLER_FIFO_CLEAR;
+        SAMPLER_FIFO_SINGLE_BUFFER_UNSET;
        CyExitCriticalSection(i);
    }
    
    wait_until_writeable(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM);
    init_capture_dma();

-    /* Wait for the beginning of a rotation. */
+    /* Wait for the beginning of a rotation, if requested. */
        
-    index_irq = false;
-    while (!index_irq)
-        ;
-    index_irq = false;
-    
-    crunch_state_t cs = {};
-    cs.outputptr = usb_buffer;
-    cs.outputlen = BUFFER_SIZE;
+    if (f->synced)
+    {
+        hardsec_index_threshold = f->hardsec_threshold_ms;
+        index_irq = false;
+        while (!index_irq)
+            ;
+        index_irq = false;
+        hardsec_index_threshold = 0;
+    }
    
    dma_writing_to_td = 0;
    dma_reading_from_td = -1;
    dma_underrun = false;
    int count = 0;
-    SAMPLER_CONTROL_Write(0); /* !reset */
    CyDmaChSetInitialTd(dma_channel, td[dma_writing_to_td]);
    CyDmaClearPendingDrq(dma_channel);
    CyDmaChEnable(dma_channel, 1);
@@ -312,73 +453,68 @@ static void cmd_read(struct read_frame* f)
    /* Wait for the first DMA transfer to complete, after which we can start the
     * USB transfer. */

-    while ((dma_writing_to_td == 0) && !index_irq)
+    while (dma_writing_to_td == 0)
        ;
    dma_reading_from_td = 0;
+    bool dma_running = true;
    
    /* Start transferring. */

-    int revolutions = f->revolutions;
-    while (!dma_underrun)
+    uint32_t start_time = clock;
+    for (;;)
    {
        CyWdtClear();

-        /* Have we reached the index pulse? */
-        if (index_irq)
-        {
-            index_irq = false;
-            revolutions--;
-            if (revolutions == 0)
-                break;
-        }
+        /* If the sample session is over, stop reading but continue processing until
+         * the DMA chain is empty. */
        
-        /* Wait for the next block to be read. */
-        while (dma_reading_from_td == dma_writing_to_td)
+        if ((clock - start_time) >= f->milliseconds)
        {
-            /* On an underrun, give up immediately. */
-            if (dma_underrun)
-                goto abort;
-        }
-
-        uint8_t dma_buffer_usage = 0;
-        while (dma_buffer_usage < BUFFER_SIZE)
-        {
-            cs.inputptr = dma_buffer[dma_reading_from_td] + dma_buffer_usage;
-            cs.inputlen = BUFFER_SIZE - dma_buffer_usage;
-            crunch(&cs);
-            dma_buffer_usage += BUFFER_SIZE - cs.inputlen;
-            count++;
-            if (cs.outputlen == 0)
+            if (dma_running)
            {
-                while (USBFS_GetEPState(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM) != USBFS_IN_BUFFER_EMPTY)
-                {
-                    if (index_irq || dma_underrun)
-                        goto abort;
-                }
-
-                USBFS_LoadInEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM, usb_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
-                cs.outputptr = usb_buffer;
-                cs.outputlen = BUFFER_SIZE;
+                CyDmaChSetRequest(dma_channel, CY_DMA_CPU_TERM_CHAIN);
+                while (CyDmaChGetRequest(dma_channel))
+                    ;
+                dma_running = false;
+                dma_underrun = false;
            }
        }
-        dma_reading_from_td = NEXT_BUFFER(dma_reading_from_td);
+        
+        /* If there's an underrun event, stop immediately. */
+        
+        if (dma_underrun)
+            goto abort;
+        
+        /* If there are no more blocks to be read, check to see if we've finished. */
+        
+        if (dma_reading_from_td == dma_writing_to_td)
+        {
+            /* Also if we've run out of blocks to send. */
+            
+            if (!dma_running)
+                goto abort;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            /* Otherwise, there's a block waiting, so attempt to send it. */
+            
+            wait_until_writeable(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM);
+            USBFS_LoadInEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM, dma_buffer[dma_reading_from_td], BUFFER_SIZE);
+            count++;
+            dma_reading_from_td = NEXT_BUFFER(dma_reading_from_td);
+        }
    }
 abort:;
-    CyDmaChSetRequest(dma_channel, CY_DMA_CPU_TERM_CHAIN);
-    while (CyDmaChGetRequest(dma_channel))
-        ;
+    bool saved_dma_underrun = dma_underrun;

-    donecrunch(&cs);
+    /* Terminate the transfer (all transfers are an exact number of fragments). */
    wait_until_writeable(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM);
-    unsigned zz = cs.outputlen;
-    if (cs.outputlen != BUFFER_SIZE)
-        USBFS_LoadInEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM, usb_buffer, BUFFER_SIZE-cs.outputlen);
-    if ((cs.outputlen == BUFFER_SIZE) || (cs.outputlen == 0))
-        USBFS_LoadInEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM, NULL, 0);
+    USBFS_LoadInEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM, NULL, 0);
    wait_until_writeable(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP_NUM);
    deinit_dma();

-    if (dma_underrun)
+    STEP_REG_Write(0);
+    if (saved_dma_underrun)
    {
        print("underrun after %d packets");
        send_error(F_ERROR_UNDERRUN);
@@ -388,7 +524,7 @@ abort:;
        DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct any_frame, F_FRAME_READ_REPLY);
        send_reply(&r);
    }
-    print("count=%d i=%d d=%d zz=%d", count, index_irq, dma_underrun, zz);
+    print("count=%d i=%d d=%d", count, index_irq, dma_underrun);
 }

 static void init_replay_dma(void)
@@ -423,35 +559,34 @@ static void cmd_write(struct write_frame* f)
        return;
    }
    
-    SEQUENCER_CONTROL_Write(1); /* put the sequencer into reset */
-
+    seek_to(current_track);    
    SIDE_REG_Write(f->side);
+    STEP_REG_Write(f->side); /* for drives which multiplex SIDE and DIR */
+    
+    SEQUENCER_CONTROL_Write(1); /* put the sequencer into reset */
    {
        uint8_t i = CyEnterCriticalSection();        
-        REPLAY_FIFO_SET_LEVEL_NORMAL;
+        REPLAY_FIFO_SET_LEVEL_MID;
        REPLAY_FIFO_CLEAR;
        REPLAY_FIFO_SINGLE_BUFFER_UNSET;
        CyExitCriticalSection(i);
    }
-    seek_to(current_track);    

    init_replay_dma();
    bool writing = false; /* to the disk */
-    bool finished = false;
    int packets = f->bytes_to_write / FRAME_SIZE;
+    bool finished = (packets == 0);
    int count_written = 0;
    int count_read = 0;
    dma_writing_to_td = 0;
    dma_reading_from_td = -1;
    dma_underrun = false;
-
-    crunch_state_t cs = {};
-    cs.outputlen = BUFFER_SIZE;
-    USBFS_EnableOutEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM);
    
    int old_reading_from_td = -1;
    for (;;)
    {
+        //CyWdtClear();
+
        /* Read data from USB into the buffers. */
        
        if (NEXT_BUFFER(dma_writing_to_td) != dma_reading_from_td)
@@ -459,54 +594,25 @@ static void cmd_write(struct write_frame* f)
            if (writing && (dma_underrun || index_irq))
                goto abort;
            
-            /* Read crunched data, if necessary. */
-            
-            if (cs.inputlen == 0)
+            uint8_t* buffer = dma_buffer[dma_writing_to_td];
+            if (finished)
            {
-                if (finished)
-                {
-                    /* There's no more data to read, so fake some. */
-                    
-                    for (int i=0; i<BUFFER_SIZE; i++)
-                        usb_buffer[i+0] = 0x7f;
-                    cs.inputptr = usb_buffer;
-                    cs.inputlen = BUFFER_SIZE;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    while (USBFS_GetEPState(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM) != USBFS_OUT_BUFFER_FULL)
-                    {
-                        if (writing && (dma_underrun || index_irq))
-                            goto abort;
-                    }
-
-                    int length = usb_read(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM, usb_buffer);
-                    cs.inputptr = usb_buffer;
-                    cs.inputlen = length;
-                    USBFS_EnableOutEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM);
-
-                    count_read++;
-                    if ((length < FRAME_SIZE) || (count_read == packets))
-                        finished = true;
-                }
+                /* There's no more data to read, so fake some. */
+                
+                memset(buffer, 0x3f, BUFFER_SIZE);
            }
-            
-            /* If there *is* data waiting in the buffer, uncrunch it. */
-            
-            if (cs.inputlen != 0)
+            else
            {
-                cs.outputptr = dma_buffer[dma_writing_to_td] + BUFFER_SIZE - cs.outputlen;
-                uncrunch(&cs);
-                if (cs.outputlen == 0)
-                {
-                    /* Completed a DMA buffer; queue it for writing. */
-                    
-                    dma_writing_to_td = NEXT_BUFFER(dma_writing_to_td);
-                    cs.outputlen = BUFFER_SIZE;
-                }
+                (void) usb_read(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM, buffer);
+                count_read++;
+                
+                if (count_read == packets)
+                    finished = true;
            }
+            dma_writing_to_td = NEXT_BUFFER(dma_writing_to_td);
+            
+            /* Once all the buffers are full, start writing. */
            
-            /* If we have a full buffer, start writing. */
            if ((dma_reading_from_td == -1) && (dma_writing_to_td == BUFFER_COUNT-1))
            {
                dma_reading_from_td = old_reading_from_td = 0;
@@ -521,7 +627,8 @@ static void cmd_write(struct write_frame* f)

                /* Wait for the index marker. While this happens, the DMA engine
                 * will prime the FIFO. */
-                
+
+                hardsec_index_threshold = f->hardsec_threshold_ms;
                index_irq = false;
                while (!index_irq)
                    ;
@@ -532,7 +639,7 @@ static void cmd_write(struct write_frame* f)
                SEQUENCER_CONTROL_Write(0); /* start writing! */
            }
        }
-        
+
        if (writing && (dma_underrun || index_irq))
            goto abort;

@@ -556,31 +663,29 @@ abort:
    }
    
    print("p=%d cr=%d cw=%d f=%d w=%d index=%d underrun=%d", packets, count_read, count_written, finished, writing, index_irq, dma_underrun);
+    hardsec_index_threshold = 0;
    if (!finished)
    {
-        while (count_read < packets)
+        /* There's still some data to read, so just read and blackhole it ---
+         * easier than trying to terminate the connection. */
+        while (count_read != packets)
        {
-            if (USBFS_GetEPState(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM) == USBFS_OUT_BUFFER_FULL)
-            {
-                int length = usb_read(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM, usb_buffer);
-                if (length < FRAME_SIZE)
-                    break;
-                USBFS_EnableOutEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM);
-                count_read++;
-            }
+            (void) usb_read(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM, usb_buffer);
+            count_read++;
        }
-        USBFS_DisableOutEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM);
    }
    
    deinit_dma();
-    print("write finished");
    
+    STEP_REG_Write(0);
    if (dma_underrun)
    {
+        print("underrun!");
        send_error(F_ERROR_UNDERRUN);
        return;
    }

+    print("success");
    DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct any_frame, F_FRAME_WRITE_REPLY);
    send_reply((struct any_frame*) &r);
 }
@@ -592,6 +697,7 @@ static void cmd_erase(struct erase_frame* f)
    /* Disk is now spinning. */
    
    print("start erasing");
+    hardsec_index_threshold = f->hardsec_threshold_ms;
    index_irq = false;
    while (!index_irq)
        ;
@@ -600,6 +706,7 @@ static void cmd_erase(struct erase_frame* f)
    while (!index_irq)
        ;
    ERASE_REG_Write(0);
+    hardsec_index_threshold = 0;
    print("stop erasing");

    DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct any_frame, F_FRAME_ERASE_REPLY);
@@ -608,17 +715,105 @@ static void cmd_erase(struct erase_frame* f)

 static void cmd_set_drive(struct set_drive_frame* f)
 {
-    if (current_drive_flags != f->drive_flags)
-    {
-        current_drive_flags = f->drive_flags;
-        DRIVE_REG_Write(current_drive_flags);
-        homed = false;
-    }
+    if (drive0_present && !drive1_present)
+        f->drive = 0;
+    if (drive1_present && !drive0_present)
+        f->drive = 1;
+    set_drive_flags(f);
    
    DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct any_frame, F_FRAME_SET_DRIVE_REPLY);
    send_reply((struct any_frame*) &r);
 }
-   
+
+static uint16_t read_output_voltage_mv(void)
+{
+    OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_StartConvert();
+    OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_IsEndConversion(OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_WAIT_FOR_RESULT);
+    uint16_t samples = OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_GetResult16();
+    return OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_CountsTo_mVolts(samples);
+}
+
+static void read_output_voltages(struct voltages* v)
+{
+    SIDE_REG_Write(1); /* set DIR to low (remember this is inverted) */
+    CyDelay(100);
+    v->logic0_mv = read_output_voltage_mv();
+
+    SIDE_REG_Write(0);
+    CyDelay(100);
+    v->logic1_mv = read_output_voltage_mv();
+}
+
+static uint16_t read_input_voltage_mv(void)
+{
+    INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_StartConvert();
+    INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_IsEndConversion(INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_WAIT_FOR_RESULT);
+    uint16_t samples = INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_GetResult16();
+    return INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_CountsTo_mVolts(samples);
+}
+
+static void read_input_voltages(struct voltages* v)
+{
+    home();
+    CyDelay(50);
+    v->logic0_mv = read_input_voltage_mv();
+    
+    step(STEP_AWAYFROM0);
+    CyDelay(50);
+    v->logic1_mv = read_input_voltage_mv();
+}
+
+static void cmd_measure_voltages(void)
+{
+    stop_motor();
+    INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_Start();
+    INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_SetPower(INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC__HIGHPOWER);
+    OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_Start();
+    OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_SetPower(OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC__HIGHPOWER);
+    
+    DECLARE_REPLY_FRAME(struct voltages_frame, F_FRAME_MEASURE_VOLTAGES_REPLY);
+    
+    CyWdtClear();
+    MOTOR_REG_Write(0); /* should be ignored anyway */
+    DRIVESELECT_REG_Write(0); /* deselect both drives */
+    CyDelay(200); /* wait for things to settle */
+    read_output_voltages(&r.output_both_off);
+    read_input_voltages(&r.input_both_off);
+
+    CyWdtClear();
+    DRIVESELECT_REG_Write(1); /* select drive 0 */
+    CyDelay(50);
+    read_output_voltages(&r.output_drive_0_selected);
+    read_input_voltages(&r.input_drive_0_selected);
+    MOTOR_REG_Write(1);
+    CyDelay(300);
+    CyWdtClear();
+    read_output_voltages(&r.output_drive_0_running);
+    read_input_voltages(&r.input_drive_0_running);
+    MOTOR_REG_Write(0);
+    CyDelay(300);
+    
+    CyWdtClear();
+    DRIVESELECT_REG_Write(2); /* select drive 1 */
+    CyDelay(50);
+    read_output_voltages(&r.output_drive_1_selected);
+    read_input_voltages(&r.input_drive_1_selected);
+    MOTOR_REG_Write(1);
+    CyDelay(300);
+    CyWdtClear();
+    read_output_voltages(&r.output_drive_1_running);
+    read_input_voltages(&r.input_drive_1_running);
+    MOTOR_REG_Write(0);
+    CyDelay(300);
+
+    CyWdtClear();
+    DRIVESELECT_REG_Write(0);
+    homed = false;
+    INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_Stop();
+    OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_Stop();
+    send_reply((struct any_frame*) &r);
+}
+
 static void handle_command(void)
 {
    static uint8_t input_buffer[FRAME_SIZE];
@@ -637,11 +832,15 @@ static void handle_command(void)
            break;
        
        case F_FRAME_MEASURE_SPEED_CMD:
-            cmd_measure_speed(f);
+            cmd_measure_speed((struct measurespeed_frame*) f);
            break;
            
-        case F_FRAME_BULK_TEST_CMD:
-            cmd_bulk_test(f);
+        case F_FRAME_BULK_WRITE_TEST_CMD:
+            cmd_bulk_write_test(f);
+            break;
+            
+        case F_FRAME_BULK_READ_TEST_CMD:
+            cmd_bulk_read_test(f);
            break;
            
        case F_FRAME_READ_CMD:
@@ -663,28 +862,49 @@ static void handle_command(void)
        case F_FRAME_SET_DRIVE_CMD:
            cmd_set_drive((struct set_drive_frame*) f);
            break;
+        
+        case F_FRAME_MEASURE_VOLTAGES_CMD:
+            cmd_measure_voltages();
+            break;
            
        default:
            send_error(F_ERROR_BAD_COMMAND);
    }
 }

+static void detect_drives(void)
+{
+    current_drive_flags.drive = 0;
+    start_motor();
+    drive0_present = home();
+    stop_motor();
+    
+    current_drive_flags.drive = 1;
+    start_motor();
+    drive1_present = home();
+    stop_motor();
+    
+    print("drive 0: %s drive 1: %s", drive0_present ? "yes" : "no", drive1_present ? "yes" : "no");
+}
+
 int main(void)
 {
    CyGlobalIntEnable;
    CySysTickStart();
    CySysTickSetCallback(4, system_timer_cb);
    INDEX_IRQ_StartEx(&index_irq_cb);
-    CAPTURE_DMA_FINISHED_IRQ_StartEx(&capture_dma_finished_irq_cb);
+    SAMPLER_DMA_FINISHED_IRQ_StartEx(&capture_dma_finished_irq_cb);
    SEQUENCER_DMA_FINISHED_IRQ_StartEx(&replay_dma_finished_irq_cb);
-    DRIVE_REG_Write(0);
+    INPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_Stop();
+    OUTPUT_VOLTAGE_ADC_Stop();
+    DRIVESELECT_REG_Write(0);
    UART_Start();
    USBFS_Start(0, USBFS_DWR_VDDD_OPERATION);
+    USBFS_DisableOutEP(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP_NUM);
    
+    detect_drives();
    CyWdtStart(CYWDT_1024_TICKS, CYWDT_LPMODE_DISABLED);
    
-    /* UART_PutString("GO\r"); */
-
    for (;;)
    {
        CyWdtClear();
@@ -693,23 +913,21 @@ int main(void)
        {
            uint32_t time_on = clock - motor_on_time;
            if (time_on > MOTOR_ON_TIME)
-            {
-                MOTOR_REG_Write(0);
-                motor_on = false;
-            }
+                stop_motor();
        }
        
        if (!USBFS_GetConfiguration() || USBFS_IsConfigurationChanged())
        {
            print("Waiting for USB...");
            while (!USBFS_GetConfiguration())
-                ;
+                CyWdtClear();
            print("USB ready");
            USBFS_EnableOutEP(FLUXENGINE_CMD_OUT_EP_NUM);
        }
        
        if (USBFS_GetEPState(FLUXENGINE_CMD_OUT_EP_NUM) == USBFS_OUT_BUFFER_FULL)
        {
+            set_drive_flags(&current_drive_flags);
            handle_command();
            USBFS_EnableOutEP(FLUXENGINE_CMD_OUT_EP_NUM);
            print("idle");
--- a/20
+++ b/20
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 PACKAGES = zlib sqlite3 libusb-1.0

-export CFLAGS = -Os -g --std=c++14 \
-	-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
-export LDFLAGS = -Os
+export CFLAGS = --std=c++14 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
+export LDFLAGS =
+
+export COPTFLAGS = -Os
+export LDOPTFLAGS = -Os -s
+
+export CDBGFLAGS = -O0 -g
+export LDDBGFLAGS = -O0 -g

 ifeq ($(OS), Windows_NT)
 export CXX = /mingw32/bin/g++
@@ -13,6 +18,13 @@ export LDFLAGS +=
 export LIBS = -static -lz -lsqlite3 -lusb-1.0
 export EXTENSION = .exe
 else
+
+packages-exist = $(shell pkg-config --exists $(PACKAGES) && echo yes)
+ifneq ($(packages-exist),yes)
+$(warning These pkg-config packages are installed: $(shell pkg-config --list-all | sort | awk '{print $$1}'))
+$(error You must have these pkg-config packages installed: $(PACKAGES))
+endif
+
 export CXX = g++
 export AR = ar rcs
 export STRIP = strip
@@ -27,7 +39,7 @@ CFLAGS += -Ilib -Idep/fmt -Iarch
 export OBJDIR = .obj

 all: .obj/build.ninja
-	@ninja -f .obj/build.ninja -v
+	@ninja -f .obj/build.ninja

 clean:
 	@echo CLEAN
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -24,17 +24,18 @@ Don't believe me? Watch the demo reel!
 <iframe width="373" height="210" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/m_s1iw8eW7o" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
 </div>

-**Important note.** On 2019-02-09 I did a hardware redesign and moved the pins on
-the board. Sorry for the inconvenience, but it means you don't have to modify
-the board any more to make it work. If you built the hardware prior to then,
-you'll need to adjust it.
+**New!** The FluxEngine client software now works with
+[GreaseWeazle](https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/wiki) hardware. So, if you
+can't find a PSoC5 development kit, or don't want to use the Cypress Windows
+tools for programming it, you can use one of these instead. Very nearly all
+FluxEngine features are available with the GreaseWeazle and it works out-of-the
+box. See the [dedicated GreaseWeazle documentation page](doc/greaseweazle.md)
+for more information.

-**Another important note.** On 2019-07-03 I've revamped the build process and
-the (command line) user interface. It should be much nicer now, not least in
-that there's a single client binary with all the functionality in it. The
-interface is a little different, but not much. The build process is now
-better (simpler). See [the building](doc/building.md) and
-[using](doc/using.md) pages for more details.
+**Important note.** On 2020-04-02 I changed the bytecode format (and firmware).
+Flux files will need to be upgraded with `fluxengine upgradefluxfile`. The new
+format should be more reliable and use way, way less bandwidth. Sorry for the
+inconvenience.

 Where?
 ------
@@ -59,6 +60,11 @@ following friendly articles:
  - [Using a FluxEngine](doc/using.md) ∾ what to do with your new hardware ∾
    flux files and image files ∾ knowing what you're doing

+  - [Using GreaseWeazle hardware with the FluxEngine client
+	software](doc/greaseweazle.md) ∾ what works ∾ what doesn't work ∾ where to
+	go for help
+
+
  - [Troubleshooting dubious disks](doc/problems.md) ∾ it's not an exact science ∾
    the sector map ∾ clock detection and the histogram

@@ -79,20 +85,24 @@ people who've had it work).

 | Format                                   | Read? | Write? | Notes |
 |:-----------------------------------------|:-----:|:------:|-------|
-| IBM PC compatible                        |  🦄   |        | and compatibles (like the Atari ST) |
-| [Acorn ADFS](doc/disk-acornadfs.md)      |  🦄   |        | single- and double- sided           |
-| [Acorn DFS](doc/disk-acorndfs.md)        |  🦄   |        |                                     |
-| [Ampro Little Board](doc/disk-ampro.md)  |  🦖   |        |                                     |
+| [IBM PC compatible](doc/disk-ibm.md)     |  🦄   |   🦄   | and compatibles (like the Atari ST) |
+| [Acorn ADFS](doc/disk-acornadfs.md)      |  🦄   |   🦖*  | single- and double- sided           |
+| [Acorn DFS](doc/disk-acorndfs.md)        |  🦄   |   🦖*  |                                     |
+| [Ampro Little Board](doc/disk-ampro.md)  |  🦖   |   🦖*   |                                     |
 | [Apple II DOS 3.3](doc/disk-apple2.md)   |  🦄   |        | doesn't do logical sector remapping |
 | [Amiga](doc/disk-amiga.md)               |  🦄   |        |                                     |
 | [Commodore 64 1541](doc/disk-c64.md)     |  🦖   |        | and probably the other GCR formats  |
 | [Brother 120kB](doc/disk-brother.md)     |  🦄   |        |                                     |
 | [Brother 240kB](doc/disk-brother.md)     |  🦄   |   🦄   |                                     |
 | [Brother FB-100](doc/disk-fb100.md)      |  🦖   |        | Tandy Model 100, Husky Hunter, knitting machines |
-| [Macintosh 800kB](doc/disk-macintosh.md) |  🦄   |        | and probably the 400kB too          |
-| [TRS-80](doc/disk-trs80.md)              |  🦖   |        | a minor variation of the IBM scheme |
+| [Macintosh 800kB](doc/disk-macintosh.md) |  🦄   |   🦄   | and probably the 400kB too          |
+| [TRS-80](doc/disk-trs80.md)              |  🦖   |   🦖*  | a minor variation of the IBM scheme |
 {: .datatable }

+`*`: these formats are variations of the generic IBM format, and since the
+IBM writer is completely generic, it should be configurable for these
+formats... theoretically. I don't have the hardware to try it.
+
 ### Even older disk formats

 These formats are for particularly old, weird architectures, even by the
@@ -106,8 +116,10 @@ at least, check the CRC so what data's there is probably good.
 | [AES Superplus / No Problem](doc/disk-aeslanier.md) |  🦖   | | hard sectors! |
 | [Durango F85](doc/disk-durangof85.md)    |  🦖   |        | 5.25" |
 | [DVK MX](doc/disk-mx.md)                 |  🦖   |        | Soviet PDP-11 clone |
-| [Victor 9000](doc/disk-victor9k.md)      |  🦖   |        | 8-inch        |
-| [Zilog MCZ](doc/disk-zilogmcz.md)        |  🦖   |        | 8-inch _and_ hard sectors |
+| [Micropolis](doc/disk-micropolis.md)     |  🦄   |        | Micropolis 100tpi drives |
+| [TI DS990 FD1000](doc/disk-tids990.md)   |  🦄   |  🦄    | 8" |
+| [Victor 9000](doc/disk-victor9k.md)      |  🦖   |        | 8" |
+| [Zilog MCZ](doc/disk-zilogmcz.md)        |  🦖   |        | 8" _and_ hard sectors |
 {: .datatable }

 ### Notes
--- a/arch/amiga/amiga.cc
+++ b/arch/amiga/amiga.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "record.h"
+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "amiga.h"
+#include "bytes.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+uint32_t amigaChecksum(const Bytes& bytes)
+{
+    ByteReader br(bytes);
+    uint32_t checksum = 0;
+
+    assert((bytes.size() & 3) == 0);
+    while (!br.eof())
+        checksum ^= br.read_be32();
+
+    return checksum & 0x55555555;
+}
+
+static uint8_t everyother(uint16_t x)
+{
+	                  /* aabb ccdd eeff gghh */
+	x &= 0x6666;      /* 0ab0 0cd0 0ef0 0gh0 */
+	x >>= 1;          /* 00ab 00cd 00ef 00gh */
+	x |= x << 2;      /* abab cdcd efef ghgh */
+	x &= 0x3c3c;      /* 00ab cd00 00ef gh00 */
+	x >>= 2;          /* 0000 abcd 0000 efgh */
+	x |= x >> 4;      /* 0000 abcd abcd efgh */
+	return x;
+}
+
+Bytes amigaInterleave(const Bytes& input)
+{
+	Bytes output;
+	ByteWriter bw(output);
+
+	/* Write all odd bits. (Numbering starts at 0...) */
+
+	{
+		ByteReader br(input);
+		while (!br.eof())
+		{
+			uint16_t x = br.read_be16();
+			x &= 0xaaaa;       /* a0b0 c0d0 e0f0 g0h0 */
+			x |= x >> 1;       /* aabb ccdd eeff gghh */
+			x = everyother(x); /* 0000 0000 abcd efgh */
+			bw.write_8(x);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Write all even bits. */
+
+	{
+		ByteReader br(input);
+		while (!br.eof())
+		{
+			uint16_t x = br.read_be16();
+			x &= 0x5555;       /* 0a0b 0c0d 0e0f 0g0h */
+			x |= x << 1;       /* aabb ccdd eeff gghh */
+			x = everyother(x); /* 0000 0000 abcd efgh */
+			bw.write_8(x);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return output;
+}
+
+Bytes amigaDeinterleave(const uint8_t*& input, size_t len)
+{
+    assert(!(len & 1));
+    const uint8_t* odds = &input[0];
+    const uint8_t* evens = &input[len/2];
+    Bytes output;
+    ByteWriter bw(output);
+
+    for (size_t i=0; i<len/2; i++)
+    {
+        uint8_t o = *odds++;
+        uint8_t e = *evens++;
+
+        /* This is the 'Interleave bits with 64-bit multiply' technique from
+         * http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#InterleaveBMN
+         */
+        uint16_t result =
+            (((e * 0x0101010101010101ULL & 0x8040201008040201ULL)
+                * 0x0102040810204081ULL >> 49) & 0x5555) |
+            (((o * 0x0101010101010101ULL & 0x8040201008040201ULL)
+                * 0x0102040810204081ULL >> 48) & 0xAAAA);
+        
+        bw.write_be16(result);
+    }
+
+    input += len;
+    return output;
+}
+
+Bytes amigaDeinterleave(const Bytes& input)
+{
+	const uint8_t* ptr = input.cbegin();
+	return amigaDeinterleave(ptr, input.size());
+}
--- a/arch/amiga/amiga.h
+++ b/arch/amiga/amiga.h
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 #ifndef AMIGA_H
 #define AMIGA_H

+#include "encoders/encoders.h"
+
 #define AMIGA_SECTOR_RECORD 0xaaaa44894489LL

+#define AMIGA_TRACKS_PER_DISK 80
+#define AMIGA_SECTORS_PER_TRACK 11
 #define AMIGA_RECORD_SIZE 0x21f

 class Sector;
 class Fluxmap;
+class SectorSet;

 class AmigaDecoder : public AbstractDecoder
 {
@@ -15,6 +20,24 @@ public:

    RecordType advanceToNextRecord();
    void decodeSectorRecord();
+
+	std::set<unsigned> requiredSectors(Track& track) const;
 };

+class AmigaEncoder : public AbstractEncoder
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~AmigaEncoder() {}
+
+public:
+    std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> encode(int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors);
+};
+
+extern FlagGroup amigaEncoderFlags;
+
+extern uint32_t amigaChecksum(const Bytes& bytes);
+extern Bytes amigaInterleave(const Bytes& input);
+extern Bytes amigaDeinterleave(const uint8_t*& input, size_t len);
+extern Bytes amigaDeinterleave(const Bytes& input);
+
 #endif
--- a/arch/amiga/decoder.cc
+++ b/arch/amiga/decoder.cc
@@ -21,47 +21,6 @@
         
 static const FluxPattern SECTOR_PATTERN(48, AMIGA_SECTOR_RECORD);

-static Bytes deinterleave(const uint8_t*& input, size_t len)
-{
-    assert(!(len & 1));
-    const uint8_t* odds = &input[0];
-    const uint8_t* evens = &input[len/2];
-    Bytes output;
-    ByteWriter bw(output);
-
-    for (size_t i=0; i<len/2; i++)
-    {
-        uint8_t o = *odds++;
-        uint8_t e = *evens++;
-
-        /* This is the 'Interleave bits with 64-bit multiply' technique from
-         * http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#InterleaveBMN
-         */
-        uint16_t result =
-            (((e * 0x0101010101010101ULL & 0x8040201008040201ULL)
-                * 0x0102040810204081ULL >> 49) & 0x5555) |
-            (((o * 0x0101010101010101ULL & 0x8040201008040201ULL)
-                * 0x0102040810204081ULL >> 48) & 0xAAAA);
-        
-        bw.write_be16(result);
-    }
-
-    input += len;
-    return output;
-}
-
-static uint32_t checksum(const Bytes& bytes)
-{
-    ByteReader br(bytes);
-    uint32_t checksum = 0;
-
-    assert((bytes.size() & 3) == 0);
-    while (!br.eof())
-        checksum ^= br.read_be32();
-
-    return checksum & 0x55555555;
-}
-
 AbstractDecoder::RecordType AmigaDecoder::advanceToNextRecord()
 {
    _sector->clock = _fmr->seekToPattern(SECTOR_PATTERN);
@@ -73,27 +32,36 @@ AbstractDecoder::RecordType AmigaDecoder::advanceToNextRecord()
 void AmigaDecoder::decodeSectorRecord()
 {
    const auto& rawbits = readRawBits(AMIGA_RECORD_SIZE*16);
+	if (rawbits.size() < (AMIGA_RECORD_SIZE*16))
+		return;
    const auto& rawbytes = toBytes(rawbits).slice(0, AMIGA_RECORD_SIZE*2);
    const auto& bytes = decodeFmMfm(rawbits).slice(0, AMIGA_RECORD_SIZE);

    const uint8_t* ptr = bytes.begin() + 3;

-    Bytes header = deinterleave(ptr, 4);
-    Bytes recoveryinfo = deinterleave(ptr, 16);
+    Bytes header = amigaDeinterleave(ptr, 4);
+    Bytes recoveryinfo = amigaDeinterleave(ptr, 16);

    _sector->logicalTrack = header[1] >> 1;
    _sector->logicalSide = header[1] & 1;
    _sector->logicalSector = header[2];

-    uint32_t wantedheaderchecksum = deinterleave(ptr, 4).reader().read_be32();
-    uint32_t gotheaderchecksum = checksum(rawbytes.slice(6, 40));
+    uint32_t wantedheaderchecksum = amigaDeinterleave(ptr, 4).reader().read_be32();
+    uint32_t gotheaderchecksum = amigaChecksum(rawbytes.slice(6, 40));
    if (gotheaderchecksum != wantedheaderchecksum)
        return;

-    uint32_t wanteddatachecksum = deinterleave(ptr, 4).reader().read_be32();
-    uint32_t gotdatachecksum = checksum(rawbytes.slice(62, 1024));
+    uint32_t wanteddatachecksum = amigaDeinterleave(ptr, 4).reader().read_be32();
+    uint32_t gotdatachecksum = amigaChecksum(rawbytes.slice(62, 1024));

    _sector->data.clear();
-    _sector->data.writer().append(deinterleave(ptr, 512)).append(recoveryinfo);
+    _sector->data.writer().append(amigaDeinterleave(ptr, 512)).append(recoveryinfo);
    _sector->status = (gotdatachecksum == wanteddatachecksum) ? Sector::OK : Sector::BAD_CHECKSUM;
 }
+
+std::set<unsigned> AmigaDecoder::requiredSectors(Track& track) const
+{
+	static std::set<unsigned> sectors = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
+	return sectors;
+}
+
--- a/arch/amiga/encoder.cc
+++ b/arch/amiga/encoder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "record.h"
+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "encoders/encoders.h"
+#include "amiga.h"
+#include "crc.h"
+#include "sectorset.h"
+#include "writer.h"
+
+FlagGroup amigaEncoderFlags;
+
+static DoubleFlag clockRateUs(
+	{ "--clock-rate" },
+	"Encoded data clock rate (microseconds).",
+	2.00);
+
+static DoubleFlag postIndexGapMs(
+	{ "--post-index-gap" },
+	"Post-index gap before first sector header (milliseconds).",
+	0.5);
+
+static bool lastBit;
+
+static int charToInt(char c)
+{
+	if (isdigit(c))
+		return c - '0';
+	return 10 + tolower(c) - 'a';
+}
+
+static void write_bits(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const std::vector<bool>& src)
+{
+	for (bool bit : src)
+	{
+		if (cursor < bits.size())
+			bits[cursor++] = bit;
+	}
+}
+
+static void write_bits(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, uint64_t data, int width)
+{
+	cursor += width;
+	for (int i=0; i<width; i++)
+	{
+		unsigned pos = cursor - i - 1;
+		if (pos < bits.size())
+			bits[pos] = data & 1;
+		data >>= 1;
+	}
+}
+
+static void write_interleaved_bytes(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const Bytes& bytes)
+{
+	assert(!(bytes.size() & 3));
+	Bytes interleaved = amigaInterleave(bytes);
+	encodeMfm(bits, cursor, interleaved, lastBit);
+}
+
+static void write_interleaved_bytes(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, uint32_t data)
+{
+	Bytes b(4);
+	ByteWriter bw(b);
+	bw.write_be32(data);
+	write_interleaved_bytes(bits, cursor, b);
+}
+
+static void write_sector(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const Sector* sector)
+{
+	if ((sector->data.size() != 512) && (sector->data.size() != 528))
+		Error() << "unsupported sector size --- you must pick 512 or 528";
+
+    write_bits(bits, cursor, AMIGA_SECTOR_RECORD, 6*8);
+
+	std::vector<bool> headerBits(20*16);
+	unsigned headerCursor = 0;
+
+	Bytes header = 
+		{
+			0xff, /* Amiga 1.0 format byte */
+			(uint8_t) ((sector->logicalTrack<<1) | sector->logicalSide),
+			(uint8_t) sector->logicalSector,
+			(uint8_t) (AMIGA_SECTORS_PER_TRACK - sector->logicalSector)
+		};
+	write_interleaved_bytes(headerBits, headerCursor, header);
+	Bytes recoveryInfo(16);
+	if (sector->data.size() == 528)
+		recoveryInfo = sector->data.slice(512, 16);
+	write_interleaved_bytes(headerBits, headerCursor, recoveryInfo);
+
+	std::vector<bool> dataBits(512*16);
+	unsigned dataCursor = 0;
+	write_interleaved_bytes(dataBits, dataCursor, sector->data);
+
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, headerBits);
+	uint32_t headerChecksum = amigaChecksum(toBytes(headerBits));
+	write_interleaved_bytes(bits, cursor, headerChecksum);
+	uint32_t dataChecksum = amigaChecksum(toBytes(dataBits));
+	write_interleaved_bytes(bits, cursor, dataChecksum);
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, dataBits);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> AmigaEncoder::encode(
+	int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors)
+{
+	if ((physicalTrack < 0) || (physicalTrack >= AMIGA_TRACKS_PER_DISK))
+		return std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap>();
+
+	int bitsPerRevolution = 200000.0 / clockRateUs;
+	std::vector<bool> bits(bitsPerRevolution);
+	unsigned cursor = 0;
+
+    fillBitmapTo(bits, cursor, postIndexGapMs * 1000 / clockRateUs, { true, false });
+	lastBit = false;
+
+	for (int sectorId=0; sectorId<AMIGA_SECTORS_PER_TRACK; sectorId++)
+	{
+		const auto& sectorData = allSectors.get(physicalTrack, physicalSide, sectorId);
+		write_sector(bits, cursor, sectorData);
+    }
+
+	if (cursor >= bits.size())
+		Error() << "track data overrun";
+	fillBitmapTo(bits, cursor, bits.size(), { true, false });
+
+	std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> fluxmap(new Fluxmap);
+	fluxmap->appendBits(bits, clockRateUs*1e3);
+	return fluxmap;
+}
+
--- a/arch/brother/brother.h
+++ b/arch/brother/brother.h
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 #define BROTHER_DATA_RECORD_CHECKSUM     3
 #define BROTHER_DATA_RECORD_ENCODED_SIZE 415

-#define BROTHER_TRACKS_PER_DISK          78
+#define BROTHER_TRACKS_PER_240KB_DISK    78
+#define BROTHER_TRACKS_PER_120KB_DISK    39
 #define BROTHER_SECTORS_PER_TRACK        12

 class Sector;
@@ -28,8 +29,16 @@ public:
 class BrotherEncoder : public AbstractEncoder
 {
 public:
+	BrotherEncoder(int format, int bias):
+		_format(format),
+		_bias(bias)
+	{}
+
 	virtual ~BrotherEncoder() {}

+private:
+	int _format;
+	int _bias;
 public:
    std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> encode(int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors);
 };
--- a/arch/brother/encoder.cc
+++ b/arch/brother/encoder.cc
@@ -129,9 +129,25 @@ static int charToInt(char c)
 std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> BrotherEncoder::encode(
 	int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors)
 {
-	if ((physicalTrack < 0) || (physicalTrack >= BROTHER_TRACKS_PER_DISK)
-        || (physicalSide != 0))
+	int logicalTrack;
+	if (physicalSide != 0)
 		return std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap>();
+	physicalTrack -= _bias;
+	switch (_format)
+	{
+		case 120:
+			if ((physicalTrack < 0) || (physicalTrack >= (BROTHER_TRACKS_PER_120KB_DISK*2))
+					|| (physicalTrack & 1))
+				return std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap>();
+			logicalTrack = physicalTrack/2;
+			break;
+
+		case 240:
+			if ((physicalTrack < 0) || (physicalTrack >= BROTHER_TRACKS_PER_240KB_DISK))
+				return std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap>();
+			logicalTrack = physicalTrack;
+			break;
+	}

 	int bitsPerRevolution = 200000.0 / clockRateUs;
 	const std::string& skew = sectorSkew.get();
@@ -146,15 +162,15 @@ std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> BrotherEncoder::encode(
 		double dataMs = headerMs + postHeaderSpacingMs;
 		unsigned dataCursor = dataMs*1e3 / clockRateUs;

-		const auto& sectorData = allSectors.get(physicalTrack, 0, sectorId);
+		const auto& sectorData = allSectors.get(logicalTrack, 0, sectorId);

 		fillBitmapTo(bits, cursor, headerCursor, { true, false });
-		write_sector_header(bits, cursor, physicalTrack, sectorId);
+		write_sector_header(bits, cursor, logicalTrack, sectorId);
 		fillBitmapTo(bits, cursor, dataCursor, { true, false });
 		write_sector_data(bits, cursor, sectorData->data);
 	}

-	if (cursor > bits.size())
+	if (cursor >= bits.size())
 		Error() << "track data overrun";
 	fillBitmapTo(bits, cursor, bits.size(), { true, false });

--- a/arch/ibm/decoder.cc
+++ b/arch/ibm/decoder.cc
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ const FluxPattern FM_TRS80DAM1_PATTERN(16, 0xf56b);

 /* 
 * TRS80DAM2 record:
- * flux:   XXXX-X-X-XX-XXX- = 0xf56c
+ * flux:   XXXX-X-X-XX-XXX- = 0xf56e
 * clock:  X X - - - X X X  = 0xc7
 * data:    X X X X X - X - = 0xfa
 */
-const FluxPattern FM_TRS80DAM2_PATTERN(16, 0xf56c);
+const FluxPattern FM_TRS80DAM2_PATTERN(16, 0xf56e);

 /* MFM record separator:
 * 0xA1 is:
@@ -73,8 +73,10 @@ const FluxPattern FM_TRS80DAM2_PATTERN(16, 0xf56c);
 * encoding (you can't do 10 00). So this can't be spoofed by user data.
 * 
 * shifted: 10 00 10 01 00 01 00 1
+ * 
+ * It's repeated three times.
 */
-const FluxPattern MFM_PATTERN(16, 0x4489);
+const FluxPattern MFM_PATTERN(48, 0x448944894489LL);

 const FluxMatchers ANY_RECORD_PATTERN(
    {
@@ -100,7 +102,8 @@ AbstractDecoder::RecordType IbmDecoder::advanceToNextRecord()
    if (_currentHeaderLength > 0)
        readRawBits(_currentHeaderLength*16);
    auto idbits = readRawBits(16);
-    uint8_t id = decodeFmMfm(idbits).slice(0, 1)[0];
+    const Bytes idbytes = decodeFmMfm(idbits);
+    uint8_t id = idbytes.slice(0, 1)[0];
    seek(here);
    
    switch (id)
--- a/arch/ibm/encoder.cc
+++ b/arch/ibm/encoder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "record.h"
+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "encoders/encoders.h"
+#include "ibm.h"
+#include "crc.h"
+#include "sectorset.h"
+#include "writer.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+/* IAM record separator:
+ * 0xC2 is:
+ * data:    1  1  0  0  0  0  1  0  = 0xc2
+ * mfm:     01 01 00 10 10 10 01 00 = 0x5254
+ * special: 01 01 00 10 00 10 01 00 = 0x5224
+ */
+#define MFM_IAM_SEPARATOR 0x5224
+
+/* FM IAM record:
+ * flux:   XXXX-XXX-XXXX-X- = 0xf77a
+ * clock:  X X - X - X X X  = 0xd7
+ * data:    X X X X X X - - = 0xfc
+ */
+#define FM_IAM_RECORD 0xf77a
+
+/* MFM IAM record:
+ * data:   1  1  1  1  1  1  0  0  = 0xfc
+ * flux:   01 01 01 01 01 01 00 10 = 0x5552
+ */
+#define MFM_IAM_RECORD 0x5552
+
+/* MFM record separator:
+ * 0xA1 is:
+ * data:    1  0  1  0  0  0  0  1  = 0xa1
+ * mfm:     01 00 01 00 10 10 10 01 = 0x44a9
+ * special: 01 00 01 00 10 00 10 01 = 0x4489
+ *                       ^^^^^
+ * When shifted out of phase, the special 0xa1 byte becomes an illegal
+ * encoding (you can't do 10 00). So this can't be spoofed by user data.
+ * 
+ * shifted: 10 00 10 01 00 01 00 1
+ * 
+ * It's repeated three times.
+ */
+#define MFM_RECORD_SEPARATOR 0x4489
+#define MFM_RECORD_SEPARATOR_BYTE 0xa1
+
+/* MFM IDAM byte:
+ * data:    1  1  1  1  1  1  1  0  = 0xfe
+ * mfm:     01 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 = 0x5554
+ */
+
+/* MFM DAM byte:
+ * data:    1  1  1  1  1  0  1  1  = 0xfb
+ * mfm:     01 01 01 01 01 00 01 01 = 0x5545
+ */
+
+static int charToInt(char c)
+{
+	if (isdigit(c))
+		return c - '0';
+	return 10 + tolower(c) - 'a';
+}
+
+void IbmEncoder::writeRawBits(uint32_t data, int width)
+{
+	_cursor += width;
+	_lastBit = data & 1;
+	for (int i=0; i<width; i++)
+	{
+		unsigned pos = _cursor - i - 1;
+		if (pos < _bits.size())
+			_bits[pos] = data & 1;
+		data >>= 1;
+	}
+}
+
+void IbmEncoder::writeBytes(const Bytes& bytes)
+{
+	if (_parameters.useFm)
+		encodeFm(_bits, _cursor, bytes);
+	else
+		encodeMfm(_bits, _cursor, bytes, _lastBit);
+}
+
+void IbmEncoder::writeBytes(int count, uint8_t byte)
+{
+	Bytes bytes = { byte };
+	for (int i=0; i<count; i++)
+		writeBytes(bytes);
+}
+
+static uint8_t decodeUint16(uint16_t raw)
+{
+	Bytes b;
+	ByteWriter bw(b);
+	bw.write_be16(raw);
+	return decodeFmMfm(b.toBits())[0];
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> IbmEncoder::encode(
+	int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors)
+{
+	double clockRateUs = 1e3 / _parameters.clockRateKhz;
+	if (!_parameters.useFm)
+		clockRateUs /= 2.0;
+	int bitsPerRevolution = (_parameters.trackLengthMs * 1000.0) / clockRateUs;
+	_bits.resize(bitsPerRevolution);
+	_cursor = 0;
+
+	uint8_t idamUnencoded = decodeUint16(_parameters.idamByte);
+	uint8_t damUnencoded = decodeUint16(_parameters.damByte);
+
+	uint8_t sectorSize = 0;
+	{
+		int s = _parameters.sectorSize >> 7;
+		while (s > 1)
+		{
+			s >>= 1;
+			sectorSize += 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	uint8_t gapFill = _parameters.useFm ? 0x00 : 0x4e;
+
+	writeBytes(_parameters.gap0, gapFill);
+	if (_parameters.emitIam)
+	{
+		writeBytes(_parameters.useFm ? 6 : 12, 0x00);
+		if (!_parameters.useFm)
+		{
+			for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
+				writeRawBits(MFM_IAM_SEPARATOR, 16);
+		}
+		writeRawBits(_parameters.useFm ? FM_IAM_RECORD : MFM_IAM_RECORD, 16);
+		writeBytes(_parameters.gap1, gapFill);
+	}
+
+	bool first = true;
+	for (char sectorChar : _parameters.sectorSkew)
+	{
+		int sectorId = charToInt(sectorChar);
+		if (!first)
+			writeBytes(_parameters.gap3, gapFill);
+		first = false;
+
+		const auto& sectorData = allSectors.get(physicalTrack, physicalSide, sectorId);
+		if (!sectorData)
+			Error() << fmt::format("format tried to find sector {} which wasn't in the input file", sectorId);
+
+		/* Writing the sector and data records are fantastically annoying.
+		 * The CRC is calculated from the *very start* of the record, and
+		 * include the malformed marker bytes. Our encoder doesn't know
+		 * about this, of course, with the result that we have to construct
+		 * the unencoded header, calculate the checksum, and then use the
+		 * same logic to emit the bytes which require special encoding
+		 * before encoding the rest of the header normally. */
+
+		{
+			Bytes header;
+			ByteWriter bw(header);
+
+			writeBytes(_parameters.useFm ? 6 : 12, 0x00);
+			if (!_parameters.useFm)
+			{
+				for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
+					bw.write_8(MFM_RECORD_SEPARATOR_BYTE);
+			}
+			bw.write_8(idamUnencoded);
+			bw.write_8(sectorData->logicalTrack);
+			bw.write_8(sectorData->logicalSide);
+			bw.write_8(sectorData->logicalSector + _parameters.startSectorId);
+			bw.write_8(sectorSize);
+			uint16_t crc = crc16(CCITT_POLY, header);
+			bw.write_be16(crc);
+
+			int conventionalHeaderStart = 0;
+			if (!_parameters.useFm)
+			{
+				for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
+					writeRawBits(MFM_RECORD_SEPARATOR, 16);
+				conventionalHeaderStart += 3;
+
+			}
+			writeRawBits(_parameters.idamByte, 16);
+			conventionalHeaderStart += 1;
+
+			writeBytes(header.slice(conventionalHeaderStart));
+		}
+
+		writeBytes(_parameters.gap2, gapFill);
+
+		{
+			Bytes data;
+			ByteWriter bw(data);
+
+			writeBytes(_parameters.useFm ? 6 : 12, 0x00);
+			if (!_parameters.useFm)
+			{
+				for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
+					bw.write_8(MFM_RECORD_SEPARATOR_BYTE);
+			}
+			bw.write_8(damUnencoded);
+
+			Bytes truncatedData = sectorData->data.slice(0, _parameters.sectorSize);
+			bw += truncatedData;
+			hexdump(std::cout, data.slice(0, 64));
+			uint16_t crc = crc16(CCITT_POLY, data);
+			bw.write_be16(crc);
+
+			int conventionalHeaderStart = 0;
+			if (!_parameters.useFm)
+			{
+				for (int i=0; i<3; i++)
+					writeRawBits(MFM_RECORD_SEPARATOR, 16);
+				conventionalHeaderStart += 3;
+
+			}
+			writeRawBits(_parameters.damByte, 16);
+			conventionalHeaderStart += 1;
+
+			writeBytes(data.slice(conventionalHeaderStart));
+		}
+    }
+
+	if (_cursor >= _bits.size())
+		Error() << "track data overrun";
+	while (_cursor < _bits.size())
+		writeBytes(1, gapFill);
+
+	std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> fluxmap(new Fluxmap);
+	fluxmap->appendBits(_bits, clockRateUs*1e3);
+	return fluxmap;
+}
+
--- a/arch/ibm/ibm.h
+++ b/arch/ibm/ibm.h
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define IBM_H

 #include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "encoders/encoders.h"

 /* IBM format (i.e. ordinary PC floppies). */

@@ -31,68 +32,68 @@ struct IbmIdam
 class IbmDecoder : public AbstractDecoder
 {
 public:
-    IbmDecoder(unsigned sectorBase, bool ignoreSideByte=false):
+    IbmDecoder(unsigned sectorBase, bool ignoreSideByte=false,
+			const std::set<unsigned> requiredSectors=std::set<unsigned>()):
        _sectorBase(sectorBase),
-        _ignoreSideByte(ignoreSideByte)
+        _ignoreSideByte(ignoreSideByte),
+		_requiredSectors(requiredSectors)
    {}

    RecordType advanceToNextRecord();
    void decodeSectorRecord();
    void decodeDataRecord();

+	std::set<unsigned> requiredSectors(Track& track) const
+	{ return _requiredSectors; }
+
 private:
    unsigned _sectorBase;
    bool _ignoreSideByte;
+	std::set<unsigned> _requiredSectors;
    unsigned _currentSectorSize;
    unsigned _currentHeaderLength;
 };

-#if 0
-class AbstractIbmDecoder : public AbstractSoftSectorDecoder
+struct IbmParameters
+{
+	int trackLengthMs;
+	int sectorSize;
+	bool emitIam;
+	int startSectorId;
+	int clockRateKhz;
+	bool useFm;
+	uint16_t idamByte;
+	uint16_t damByte;
+	int gap0;
+	int gap1;
+	int gap2;
+	int gap3;
+	std::string sectorSkew;
+};
+
+class IbmEncoder : public AbstractEncoder
 {
 public:
-    AbstractIbmDecoder(unsigned sectorIdBase):
-        _sectorIdBase(sectorIdBase)
-    {}
-    virtual ~AbstractIbmDecoder() {}
+	IbmEncoder(const IbmParameters& parameters):
+		_parameters(parameters)
+	{}

-    SectorVector decodeToSectors(const RawRecordVector& rawRecords, unsigned physicalTrack, unsigned physicalSide);
+	virtual ~IbmEncoder() {}

-protected:
-    virtual int skipHeaderBytes() const = 0;
+public:
+    std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> encode(int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors);

 private:
-    unsigned _sectorIdBase;
+	void writeRawBits(uint32_t data, int width);
+	void writeBytes(const Bytes& bytes);
+	void writeBytes(int count, uint8_t value);
+	void writeSync();
+	
+private:
+	IbmParameters _parameters;
+	std::vector<bool> _bits;
+	unsigned _cursor;
+	bool _lastBit;
 };

-class IbmFmDecoder : public AbstractIbmDecoder
-{
-public:
-    IbmFmDecoder(unsigned sectorIdBase):
-        AbstractIbmDecoder(sectorIdBase)
-    {}
-
-    int recordMatcher(uint64_t fifo) const;
-
-protected:
-    int skipHeaderBytes() const
-    { return 0; }
-};
-
-class IbmMfmDecoder : public AbstractIbmDecoder
-{
-public:
-    IbmMfmDecoder(unsigned sectorIdBase):
-        AbstractIbmDecoder(sectorIdBase)
-    {}
-
-    nanoseconds_t guessClock(Fluxmap& fluxmap) const;
-    int recordMatcher(uint64_t fifo) const;
-
-protected:
-    int skipHeaderBytes() const
-    { return 3; }
-};
-#endif
-
 #endif
--- a/arch/macintosh/decoder.cc
+++ b/arch/macintosh/decoder.cc
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ static Bytes decode_crazy_data(const Bytes& input, Sector::Status& status)
 uint8_t decode_side(uint8_t side)
 {
    /* Mac disks, being weird, use the side byte to encode both the side (in
-     * bit 5) and also whether we're above track 0x3f (in bit 6).
+     * bit 5) and also whether we're above track 0x3f (in bit 0).
     */

-    return !!(side & 0x40);
+    return !!(side & 0x20);
 }

 AbstractDecoder::RecordType MacintoshDecoder::advanceToNextRecord()
@@ -184,3 +184,25 @@ void MacintoshDecoder::decodeDataRecord()
    _sector->data.clear();
    _sector->data.writer().append(userData.slice(12, 512)).append(userData.slice(0, 12));
 }
+
+std::set<unsigned> MacintoshDecoder::requiredSectors(Track& track) const
+{
+	int count;
+	if (track.physicalTrack < 16)
+		count = 12;
+	else if (track.physicalTrack < 32)
+		count = 11;
+	else if (track.physicalTrack < 48)
+		count = 10;
+	else if (track.physicalTrack < 64)
+		count = 9;
+	else
+		count = 8;
+
+	std::set<unsigned> sectors;
+	while (count--)
+		sectors.insert(count);
+	return sectors;
+}
+
+
--- a/arch/macintosh/encoder.cc
+++ b/arch/macintosh/encoder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "record.h"
+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "encoders/encoders.h"
+#include "macintosh.h"
+#include "crc.h"
+#include "sectorset.h"
+#include "writer.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+FlagGroup macintoshEncoderFlags;
+
+static DoubleFlag postIndexGapUs(
+	{ "--post-index-gap-us" },
+	"Post-index gap before first sector header (microseconds).",
+	0);
+
+static DoubleFlag clockCompensation(
+	{ "--clock-compensation-factor" },
+	"Scale the output clock by this much.",
+	1.0);
+
+static bool lastBit;
+
+static double clockRateUsForTrack(unsigned track)
+{
+	if (track < 16)
+		return 2.623;
+	if (track < 32)
+		return 2.861;
+	if (track < 48)
+		return 3.148;
+	if (track < 64)
+		return 3.497;
+	return 3.934;
+}
+
+static unsigned sectorsForTrack(unsigned track)
+{
+	if (track < 16)
+		return 12;
+	if (track < 32)
+		return 11;
+	if (track < 48)
+		return 10;
+	if (track < 64)
+		return 9;
+	return 8;
+}
+
+static int encode_data_gcr(uint8_t gcr)
+{
+    switch (gcr)
+    {
+		#define GCR_ENTRY(gcr, data) \
+			case data: return gcr;
+		#include "data_gcr.h"
+		#undef GCR_ENTRY
+    }
+    return -1;
+};
+
+/* This is extremely inspired by the MESS implementation, written by Nathan Woods
+ * and R. Belmont: https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/4263a71e64377db11392c458b580c5ae83556bc7/src/lib/formats/ap_dsk35.cpp
+ */
+static Bytes encode_crazy_data(const Bytes& input)
+{
+    Bytes output;
+    ByteWriter bw(output);
+    ByteReader br(input);
+
+	uint8_t w1, w2, w3, w4;
+
+    static const int LOOKUP_LEN = MAC_SECTOR_LENGTH / 3;
+
+    uint8_t b1[LOOKUP_LEN + 1];
+    uint8_t b2[LOOKUP_LEN + 1];
+    uint8_t b3[LOOKUP_LEN + 1];
+
+	uint32_t c1 = 0;
+	uint32_t c2 = 0;
+	uint32_t c3 = 0;
+	for (int j=0;; j++)
+	{
+		c1 = (c1 & 0xff) << 1;
+		if (c1 & 0x0100)
+			c1++;
+
+		uint8_t val = br.read_8();
+		c3 += val;
+		if (c1 & 0x0100)
+		{
+			c3++;
+			c1 &= 0xff;
+		}
+		b1[j] = (val ^ c1) & 0xff;
+
+		val = br.read_8();
+		c2 += val;
+		if (c3 > 0xff)
+		{
+			c2++;
+			c3 &= 0xff;
+		}
+		b2[j] = (val ^ c3) & 0xff;
+
+		if (br.pos == 524)
+			break;
+
+		val = br.read_8();
+		c1 += val;
+		if (c2 > 0xff)
+		{
+			c1++;
+			c2 &= 0xff;
+		}
+		b3[j] = (val ^ c2) & 0xff;
+	}
+	uint32_t c4 = ((c1 & 0xc0) >> 6) | ((c2 & 0xc0) >> 4) | ((c3 & 0xc0) >> 2);
+	b3[LOOKUP_LEN] = 0;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i <= LOOKUP_LEN; i++)
+	{
+		w1 = b1[i] & 0x3f;
+		w2 = b2[i] & 0x3f;
+		w3 = b3[i] & 0x3f;
+		w4 =  ((b1[i] & 0xc0) >> 2);
+		w4 |= ((b2[i] & 0xc0) >> 4);
+		w4 |= ((b3[i] & 0xc0) >> 6);
+
+		bw.write_8(w4);
+		bw.write_8(w1);
+		bw.write_8(w2);
+
+		if (i != LOOKUP_LEN)
+			bw.write_8(w3);
+	}
+
+	bw.write_8(c4 & 0x3f);
+	bw.write_8(c3 & 0x3f);
+	bw.write_8(c2 & 0x3f);
+	bw.write_8(c1 & 0x3f);
+
+	return output;
+}
+
+static void write_bits(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const std::vector<bool>& src)
+{
+	for (bool bit : src)
+	{
+		if (cursor < bits.size())
+			bits[cursor++] = bit;
+	}
+}
+
+static void write_bits(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, uint64_t data, int width)
+{
+	cursor += width;
+	for (int i=0; i<width; i++)
+	{
+		unsigned pos = cursor - i - 1;
+		if (pos < bits.size())
+			bits[pos] = data & 1;
+		data >>= 1;
+	}
+}
+
+static uint8_t encode_side(uint8_t track, uint8_t side)
+{
+    /* Mac disks, being weird, use the side byte to encode both the side (in
+     * bit 5) and also whether we're above track 0x3f (in bit 0).
+     */
+
+	return (side ? 0x20 : 0x00) | ((track>0x3f) ? 0x01 : 0x00);
+}
+
+static void write_sector(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const Sector* sector)
+{
+	if ((sector->data.size() != 512) && (sector->data.size() != 524))
+		Error() << "unsupported sector size --- you must pick 512 or 524";
+
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, 0xff, 1*8); /* pad byte */
+	for (int i=0; i<7; i++)
+		write_bits(bits, cursor, 0xff3fcff3fcffLL, 6*8); /* sync */
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, MAC_SECTOR_RECORD, 3*8);
+
+    uint8_t encodedTrack = sector->physicalTrack & 0x3f;
+	uint8_t encodedSector = sector->logicalSector;
+	uint8_t encodedSide = encode_side(sector->physicalTrack, sector->logicalSide);
+	uint8_t formatByte = MAC_FORMAT_BYTE;
+	uint8_t headerChecksum = (encodedTrack ^ encodedSector ^ encodedSide ^ formatByte) & 0x3f;
+
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, encode_data_gcr(encodedTrack), 1*8);
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, encode_data_gcr(encodedSector), 1*8);
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, encode_data_gcr(encodedSide), 1*8);
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, encode_data_gcr(formatByte), 1*8);
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, encode_data_gcr(headerChecksum), 1*8);
+
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, 0xdeaaff, 3*8);
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, 0xff3fcff3fcffLL, 6*8); /* sync */
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, MAC_DATA_RECORD, 3*8);
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, encode_data_gcr(sector->logicalSector), 1*8);
+
+	Bytes wireData;
+	wireData.writer().append(sector->data.slice(512, 12)).append(sector->data.slice(0, 512));
+	for (uint8_t b : encode_crazy_data(wireData))
+		write_bits(bits, cursor, encode_data_gcr(b), 1*8);
+
+	write_bits(bits, cursor, 0xdeaaff, 3*8);
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> MacintoshEncoder::encode(
+	int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors)
+{
+	if ((physicalTrack < 0) || (physicalTrack >= MAC_TRACKS_PER_DISK))
+		return std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap>();
+
+	double clockRateUs = clockRateUsForTrack(physicalTrack) * clockCompensation;
+	int bitsPerRevolution = 200000.0 / clockRateUs;
+	std::vector<bool> bits(bitsPerRevolution);
+	unsigned cursor = 0;
+
+    fillBitmapTo(bits, cursor, postIndexGapUs / clockRateUs, { true, false });
+	lastBit = false;
+
+	unsigned numSectors = sectorsForTrack(physicalTrack);
+	for (int sectorId=0; sectorId<numSectors; sectorId++)
+	{
+		const auto& sectorData = allSectors.get(physicalTrack, physicalSide, sectorId);
+		write_sector(bits, cursor, sectorData);
+    }
+
+	if (cursor >= bits.size())
+		Error() << fmt::format("track data overrun by {} bits", cursor - bits.size());
+	fillBitmapTo(bits, cursor, bits.size(), { true, false });
+
+	std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> fluxmap(new Fluxmap);
+	fluxmap->appendBits(bits, clockRateUs*1e3);
+	return fluxmap;
+}
+
--- a/arch/macintosh/macintosh.h
+++ b/arch/macintosh/macintosh.h
@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 #ifndef MACINTOSH_H
 #define MACINTOSH_H

+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "encoders/encoders.h"
+
 #define MAC_SECTOR_RECORD   0xd5aa96 /* 1101 0101 1010 1010 1001 0110 */
 #define MAC_DATA_RECORD     0xd5aaad /* 1101 0101 1010 1010 1010 1101 */

 #define MAC_SECTOR_LENGTH   524 /* yes, really */
 #define MAC_ENCODED_SECTOR_LENGTH 703
+#define MAC_FORMAT_BYTE     0x22
+
+#define MAC_TRACKS_PER_DISK 80

 class Sector;
 class Fluxmap;
@@ -18,7 +24,21 @@ public:
    RecordType advanceToNextRecord();
    void decodeSectorRecord();
    void decodeDataRecord();
+
+	std::set<unsigned> requiredSectors(Track& track) const;
 };

+class MacintoshEncoder : public AbstractEncoder
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~MacintoshEncoder() {}
+
+public:
+    std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> encode(int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors);
+};
+
+extern FlagGroup macintoshEncoderFlags;
+
+
 #endif

--- a/arch/micropolis/decoder.cc
+++ b/arch/micropolis/decoder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "fluxmap.h"
+#include "decoders/fluxmapreader.h"
+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "sector.h"
+#include "micropolis.h"
+#include "bytes.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+/* The sector has a preamble of MFM 0x00s and uses 0xFF as a sync pattern. */
+static const FluxPattern SECTOR_SYNC_PATTERN(32, 0xaaaa5555);
+
+AbstractDecoder::RecordType MicropolisDecoder::advanceToNextRecord()
+{
+	_fmr->seekToIndexMark();
+	const FluxMatcher* matcher = nullptr;
+	_sector->clock = _fmr->seekToPattern(SECTOR_SYNC_PATTERN, matcher);
+	if (matcher == &SECTOR_SYNC_PATTERN) {
+		readRawBits(16);
+		return SECTOR_RECORD;
+	}
+	return UNKNOWN_RECORD;
+}
+
+/* Adds all bytes, with carry. */
+static uint8_t checksum(const Bytes& bytes) {
+	ByteReader br(bytes);
+	uint16_t sum = 0;
+	while (!br.eof()) {
+		if (sum > 0xFF) {
+			sum -= 0x100 - 1;
+		}
+		sum += br.read_8();
+	}
+	/* The last carry is ignored */
+	return sum & 0xFF;
+}
+
+void MicropolisDecoder::decodeSectorRecord()
+{
+	auto rawbits = readRawBits(MICROPOLIS_ENCODED_SECTOR_SIZE*16);
+	auto bytes = decodeFmMfm(rawbits).slice(0, MICROPOLIS_ENCODED_SECTOR_SIZE);
+	ByteReader br(bytes);
+
+	br.read_8();  /* sync */
+	_sector->logicalTrack = br.read_8();
+	_sector->logicalSide = _sector->physicalSide;
+	_sector->logicalSector = br.read_8();
+	if (_sector->logicalSector > 15)
+		return;
+	if (_sector->logicalTrack > 77)
+		return;
+
+	br.read(10);  /* OS data or padding */
+	_sector->data = br.read(256);
+	uint8_t wantChecksum = br.read_8();
+	uint8_t gotChecksum = checksum(bytes.slice(1, 2+266));
+	br.read(5);  /* 4 byte ECC and ECC-present flag */
+
+	_sector->status = (wantChecksum == gotChecksum) ? Sector::OK : Sector::BAD_CHECKSUM;
+}
--- a/arch/micropolis/micropolis.h
+++ b/arch/micropolis/micropolis.h
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef ZILOGMCZ_H
+#define ZILOGMCZ_H
+
+#define MICROPOLIS_ENCODED_SECTOR_SIZE (1+2+266+6)
+
+class Sector;
+class Fluxmap;
+
+class MicropolisDecoder : public AbstractDecoder
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~MicropolisDecoder() {}
+
+	RecordType advanceToNextRecord();
+	void decodeSectorRecord();
+};
+
+#endif
--- a/arch/mx/decoder.cc
+++ b/arch/mx/decoder.cc
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ AbstractDecoder::RecordType MxDecoder::advanceToNextRecord()
        const FluxMatcher* matcher = nullptr;
        _sector->clock = _clock = _fmr->seekToPattern(ID_PATTERN, matcher);
        readRawBits(32); /* skip the ID mark */
-        _logicalTrack = decodeFmMfm(readRawBits(32)).reader().read_be16();
+        _logicalTrack = decodeFmMfm(readRawBits(32)).slice(0, 32).reader().read_be16();
    }
    else if (_currentSector == 10)
    {
--- a/arch/tids990/decoder.cc
+++ b/arch/tids990/decoder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "encoders/encoders.h"
+#include "tids990/tids990.h"
+#include "crc.h"
+#include "fluxmap.h"
+#include "decoders/fluxmapreader.h"
+#include "sector.h"
+#include "record.h"
+#include "track.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+
+/* The Texas Instruments DS990 uses MFM with a scheme similar to a simplified
+ * version of the IBM record scheme (it's actually easier to parse than IBM).
+ * There are 26 sectors per track, each holding a rather weird 288 bytes.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Sector record:
+ * data:    0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1 .0  0  0  0  1  0  1  0  = 0x550a
+ * mfm:     00 01 00 01 00 01 00 01.00 10 10 10 01 00 01 00 = 0x11112a44
+ * special: 00 01 00 01 00 01 00 01.00 10 00 10 01 00 01 00 = 0x11112244
+ *                                        ^^
+ * When shifted out of phase, the special 0xa1 byte becomes an illegal
+ * encoding (you can't do 10 00). So this can't be spoofed by user data.
+ */
+const FluxPattern SECTOR_RECORD_PATTERN(32, 0x11112244);
+
+/*
+ * Data record:
+ * data:    0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1 .0  0  0  0  1  0  1  1  = 0x550c
+ * mfm:     00 01 00 01 00 01 00 01.00 10 10 10 01 00 01 01 = 0x11112a45
+ * special: 00 01 00 01 00 01 00 01.00 10 00 10 01 00 01 01 = 0x11112245
+ *                                        ^^
+ * When shifted out of phase, the special 0xa1 byte becomes an illegal
+ * encoding (you can't do 10 00). So this can't be spoofed by user data.
+ */
+const FluxPattern DATA_RECORD_PATTERN(32, 0x11112245);
+
+const FluxMatchers ANY_RECORD_PATTERN({ &SECTOR_RECORD_PATTERN, &DATA_RECORD_PATTERN });
+
+AbstractDecoder::RecordType TiDs990Decoder::advanceToNextRecord()
+{
+	const FluxMatcher* matcher = nullptr;
+	_sector->clock = _fmr->seekToPattern(ANY_RECORD_PATTERN, matcher);
+	if (matcher == &SECTOR_RECORD_PATTERN)
+		return RecordType::SECTOR_RECORD;
+	if (matcher == &DATA_RECORD_PATTERN)
+		return RecordType::DATA_RECORD;
+	return RecordType::UNKNOWN_RECORD;
+}
+
+void TiDs990Decoder::decodeSectorRecord()
+{
+    auto bits = readRawBits(TIDS990_SECTOR_RECORD_SIZE*16);
+    auto bytes = decodeFmMfm(bits).slice(0, TIDS990_SECTOR_RECORD_SIZE);
+
+    ByteReader br(bytes);
+	uint16_t gotChecksum = crc16(CCITT_POLY, bytes.slice(1, TIDS990_SECTOR_RECORD_SIZE-3));
+
+	br.seek(2);
+	_sector->logicalSide = br.read_8() >> 3;
+	_sector->logicalTrack = br.read_8();
+	br.read_8(); /* number of sectors per track */
+	_sector->logicalSector = br.read_8();
+	br.read_be16(); /* sector size */
+    uint16_t wantChecksum = br.read_be16();
+
+    if (wantChecksum == gotChecksum)
+        _sector->status = Sector::DATA_MISSING; /* correct but unintuitive */
+}
+
+void TiDs990Decoder::decodeDataRecord()
+{
+	auto bits = readRawBits(TIDS990_DATA_RECORD_SIZE*16);
+	auto bytes = decodeFmMfm(bits).slice(0, TIDS990_DATA_RECORD_SIZE);
+
+	ByteReader br(bytes);
+	uint16_t gotChecksum = crc16(CCITT_POLY, bytes.slice(1, TIDS990_DATA_RECORD_SIZE-3));
+
+	br.seek(2);
+	_sector->data = br.read(TIDS990_PAYLOAD_SIZE);
+	uint16_t wantChecksum = br.read_be16();
+    _sector->status = (wantChecksum == gotChecksum) ? Sector::OK : Sector::BAD_CHECKSUM;
+}
+
--- a/arch/tids990/encoder.cc
+++ b/arch/tids990/encoder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "record.h"
+#include "decoders/decoders.h"
+#include "encoders/encoders.h"
+#include "tids990.h"
+#include "crc.h"
+#include "sectorset.h"
+#include "writer.h"
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+
+FlagGroup tids990EncoderFlags;
+
+static IntFlag trackLengthMs(
+	{ "--tids990-track-length-ms" },
+	"Length of a track in milliseconds.",
+	166);
+
+static IntFlag sectorCount(
+	{ "--tids990-sector-count" },
+	"Number of sectors per track.",
+	26);
+
+static IntFlag clockRateKhz(
+	{ "--tids990-clock-rate-khz" },
+	"Clock rate of data to write.",
+	500);
+
+static HexIntFlag am1Byte(
+	{ "--tids990-am1-byte" },
+	"16-bit RAW bit pattern to use for the AM1 ID byte",
+	0x2244);
+
+static HexIntFlag am2Byte(
+	{ "--tids990-am2-byte" },
+	"16-bit RAW bit pattern to use for the AM2 ID byte",
+	0x2245);
+
+static IntFlag gap1(
+	{ "--tids990-gap1-bytes" },
+	"Size of gap 1 (the post-index gap).",
+	80);
+
+static IntFlag gap2(
+	{ "--tids990-gap2-bytes" },
+	"Size of gap 2 (the post-ID gap).",
+	21);
+
+static IntFlag gap3(
+	{ "--tids990-gap3-bytes" },
+	"Size of gap 3 (the post-data or format gap).",
+	51);
+
+static StringFlag sectorSkew(
+	{ "--tids990-sector-skew" },
+	"Order to emit sectors.",
+	"1mhc72nid83oje94pkfa50lgb6");
+
+static int charToInt(char c)
+{
+	if (isdigit(c))
+		return c - '0';
+	return 10 + tolower(c) - 'a';
+}
+
+void TiDs990Encoder::writeRawBits(uint32_t data, int width)
+{
+	_cursor += width;
+	_lastBit = data & 1;
+	for (int i=0; i<width; i++)
+	{
+		unsigned pos = _cursor - i - 1;
+		if (pos < _bits.size())
+			_bits[pos] = data & 1;
+		data >>= 1;
+	}
+}
+
+void TiDs990Encoder::writeBytes(const Bytes& bytes)
+{
+	encodeMfm(_bits, _cursor, bytes, _lastBit);
+}
+
+void TiDs990Encoder::writeBytes(int count, uint8_t byte)
+{
+	Bytes bytes = { byte };
+	for (int i=0; i<count; i++)
+		writeBytes(bytes);
+}
+
+static uint8_t decodeUint16(uint16_t raw)
+{
+	Bytes b;
+	ByteWriter bw(b);
+	bw.write_be16(raw);
+	return decodeFmMfm(b.toBits())[0];
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> TiDs990Encoder::encode(
+	int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors)
+{
+	double clockRateUs = 1e3 / clockRateKhz / 2.0;
+	int bitsPerRevolution = (trackLengthMs * 1000.0) / clockRateUs;
+	_bits.resize(bitsPerRevolution);
+	_cursor = 0;
+
+	uint8_t am1Unencoded = decodeUint16(am1Byte);
+	uint8_t am2Unencoded = decodeUint16(am2Byte);
+
+	writeBytes(gap1, 0x55);
+
+	bool first = true;
+	for (char sectorChar : sectorSkew.get())
+	{
+		int sectorId = charToInt(sectorChar);
+		if (!first)
+			writeBytes(gap3, 0x55);
+		first = false;
+
+		const auto& sectorData = allSectors.get(physicalTrack, physicalSide, sectorId);
+		if (!sectorData)
+			Error() << fmt::format("format tried to find sector {} which wasn't in the input file", sectorId);
+
+		/* Writing the sector and data records are fantastically annoying.
+		 * The CRC is calculated from the *very start* of the record, and
+		 * include the malformed marker bytes. Our encoder doesn't know
+		 * about this, of course, with the result that we have to construct
+		 * the unencoded header, calculate the checksum, and then use the
+		 * same logic to emit the bytes which require special encoding
+		 * before encoding the rest of the header normally. */
+
+		{
+			Bytes header;
+			ByteWriter bw(header);
+
+			writeBytes(12, 0x55);
+			bw.write_8(am1Unencoded);
+			bw.write_8(sectorData->logicalSide << 3);
+			bw.write_8(sectorData->logicalTrack);
+			bw.write_8(sectorCount);
+			bw.write_8(sectorData->logicalSector);
+			bw.write_be16(sectorData->data.size());
+			uint16_t crc = crc16(CCITT_POLY, header);
+			bw.write_be16(crc);
+
+			writeRawBits(am1Byte, 16);
+			writeBytes(header.slice(1));
+		}
+
+		writeBytes(gap2, 0x55);
+
+		{
+			Bytes data;
+			ByteWriter bw(data);
+
+			writeBytes(12, 0x55);
+			bw.write_8(am2Unencoded);
+
+			bw += sectorData->data;
+			uint16_t crc = crc16(CCITT_POLY, data);
+			bw.write_be16(crc);
+
+			writeRawBits(am2Byte, 16);
+			writeBytes(data.slice(1));
+		}
+    }
+
+	if (_cursor >= _bits.size())
+		Error() << "track data overrun";
+	while (_cursor < _bits.size())
+		writeBytes(1, 0x55);
+	
+	std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> fluxmap(new Fluxmap);
+	fluxmap->appendBits(_bits, clockRateUs*1e3);
+	return fluxmap;
+}
+
--- a/arch/tids990/tids990.h
+++ b/arch/tids990/tids990.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#ifndef TIDS990_H
+#define TIDS990_H
+
+#define TIDS990_PAYLOAD_SIZE       288 /* bytes */
+#define TIDS990_SECTOR_RECORD_SIZE 10 /* bytes */
+#define TIDS990_DATA_RECORD_SIZE   (TIDS990_PAYLOAD_SIZE + 4) /* bytes */
+
+class Sector;
+class SectorSet;
+class Fluxmap;
+class Track;
+
+class TiDs990Decoder : public AbstractDecoder
+{
+public:
+    virtual ~TiDs990Decoder() {}
+
+    RecordType advanceToNextRecord();
+    void decodeSectorRecord();
+	void decodeDataRecord();
+};
+
+class TiDs990Encoder : public AbstractEncoder
+{
+public:
+	virtual ~TiDs990Encoder() {}
+
+private:
+	void writeRawBits(uint32_t data, int width);
+	void writeBytes(const Bytes& bytes);
+	void writeBytes(int count, uint8_t value);
+	void writeSync();
+
+public:
+    std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> encode(int physicalTrack, int physicalSide, const SectorSet& allSectors);
+
+private:
+	std::vector<bool> _bits;
+	unsigned _cursor;
+	bool _lastBit;
+};
+
+extern FlagGroup tids990EncoderFlags;
+
+#endif
+
+
--- a/doc/Index_sensor_mod_FDD_1.1.pdf
+++ b/doc/Index_sensor_mod_FDD_1.1.pdf
--- a/doc/building.md
+++ b/doc/building.md
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ This is the physical stuff you'll need.
    connector](https://eu.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Amphenol-FCI/86130342114345E1LF?qs=%2Fha2pyFadug%252BpMTyxmFhglPPVKuWXYuFpPNgq%252BsrzhDnXxo8B28k7UCGc7F%2FXjsi)
    (or one of the other myriad compatible connectors; there's a billion).

+  - A floppy drive cable, preferably one with two connectors and a twist.
+
  - A suitable power supply. 3.5" floppy drives use 5V at about an amp
    (usually less) --- sadly, too much to power from USB. 5.25" floppy drives
    also require 12V. An old but decent quality PC power supply is ideal, as
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ All you need to do is attach your chosen connector to the board. You'll need
 to make sure that pin 2 on the cable is connected to pin 2.7 on the board,
 and pin 34 to pin 1.7 on the board (and of course all the ones in between).
 Apart from grounding the board (see below), this is literally all there is to
-it.
+it. The actual pinout is described in detail below.

 The pads are small, but soldering them isn't too bad with a needle-nosed
 soldering iron tip.
@@ -173,6 +175,7 @@ pattern. Press and hold the little button near the light for five seconds
 until the light stays solidly on. Now you should be able to acquire
 the port and proceed normally.

+
 ## Building the client

 The client software is where the intelligence, such as it is, is. It's pretty
@@ -181,12 +184,12 @@ well, although on Windows it'll need MSYS2 and mingw32. You'll need to
 install some support packages.

  - For Linux (this is Ubuntu, but this should apply to Debian too):
-  `ninja-build`, `libusb-1.0-0-dev`, `libsqlite3-dev`.
-  - For OSX with Homebrew: `ninja`.
+	`ninja-build`, `libusb-1.0-0-dev`, `libsqlite3-dev`.
+  - For OSX with Homebrew: `ninja`, `libusb`, `pkg-config`, `sqlite`.
  - For Windows with MSYS2: `make`, `ninja`, `mingw-w64-i686-libusb`,
-  `mingw-w64-i686-sqlite3`, `mingw-w64-i686-zlib`, `mingw-w64-i686-gcc`.
+	`mingw-w64-i686-sqlite3`, `mingw-w64-i686-zlib`, `mingw-w64-i686-gcc`.

-These lists are not necessarily exhaustive --- plaese [get in
+These lists are not necessarily exhaustive --- please [get in
 touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) if I've missed
 anything.

@@ -197,11 +200,184 @@ dependencies and you should be able to put it anywhere.
 If it doesn't build, please [get in
 touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new).

+
+## Connecting it up
+
+You should now have a working board, so it's time to test it.
+
+  1. Plug the motherboard end of your floppy disk cable into the FluxEngine.
+     
+     The **red stripe goes on the right**. The **lower set of
+     holes connect to the board**. See the pinout below.
+
+     If you're using header pins, the upper row of holes in the connector
+     should overhang the edge of the board. If you're using a floppy drive
+     motherboard connector, you're golden, of course (unless you have one of
+     those annoying unkeyed cables, or have accidentally soldered the
+     connector on in the wrong place --- don't laugh, I've done it.)
+
+  2. Plug the drive end of your floppy disk cable into the drive (or drives).
+
+     Floppy disk cables typically have [two pairs of floppy disk drive
+     connectors with a twist between
+     them](http://www.nullmodem.com/Floppy.htm). (Each pair has one connector
+     for a 3.5" drive and a different one for a 5.25" drive.) (Some cables
+     are cheap and just have the 3.5" connectors. Some are _very_ cheap and
+     have a single 3.5" connector, after the twist.)
+     
+     If you have **two** drives, plug them into both connectors. FluxEngine,
+     sadly, non-standard disk numbering (there are reasons). Drive 0 is the
+     one nearest the motherboard; that is, before the twist. Drive 1 is the
+     one at the end of the cable; that is, after the twist. Drive 0 is the
+     default. You can tell the client to select drive 1 by using `-s :d=1`.
+
+     If you have **one** drive, you may plug it into _either_ connector.
+     FluxEngine will autodetect it and treat it as drive 0. However, you'll
+     get the most reliable electrical signal if you plug it in at the end of
+     the cable.
+
+     **A note on termination:** some 5.25" drives require jumper configuration
+     to tell them whether they're at the end of the cable or in the middle of
+     the cable. 3.5" drives don't, and my 5.25" drives don't, so I can't
+     advise there. Consult your drive datasheet for details.
+
+  3. **Important.** Make sure that no disk you care about is in the drive.
+	 (Because if your wiring is wrong and a disk is inserted, you'll corrupt
+	 it.)
+
+  4. Connect the floppy drive to power. Nothing should happen. If you've
+	 connected something in backwards, you'll see the drive light up, the motor
+	 start, and if you didn't take the disk out, one track has just been wiped.
+	 If this happens, check your wiring.
+
+  5. Strip off the little piece of protective plastic on the USB socket on the
+	 board --- the little socket at the end, not the big programmer plug.
+
+  6. Connect the FluxEngine to your PC via USB.
+
+  7. Insert a scratch disk and do `fluxengine rpm` from the shell. The motor
+     should work and it'll tell you that the disk is spinning at about 300
+     rpm for a 3.5" disk, or 360 rpm for a 5.25" disk. If it doesn't, please
+     [get in touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new).
+
+  8. Do `fluxengine test bandwidth` from the shell. It'll measure your USB
+	 bandwidth. Ideally you should be getting above 800kB/s in both directions.
+	 FluxEngine needs about 300kB/s for a DD disk and about 600kB/s for a HD
+	 disk, so if you're getting less than this, try a different USB port.
+
+  9. Insert a standard PC formatted floppy disk into the drive (probably a good
+     idea to remove the old disk first). Then do `fluxengine read ibm`. It
+     should read the disk, emitting copious diagnostics, and spit out an
+     `ibm.img` file containing the decoded disk image (either 1440kB or 720kB
+     depending).
+
+ 10. Profit!
+
+## Technical details
+
+The board pinout and the way it's connected to the floppy bus is described
+below.
+
+```ditaa
+:-E -s 0.75
+                 +-----+
+                 |||||||
+            +----+-----+----+
+            +cAAA           +
+            +  Debug board  +
+            +----+-----+----+
+            + GND|cDDD | VDD+  
+            +----+     +----+
+INDEX300 ---+ 3.0|     | GND+--------------------------+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+  |
+INDEX360 ---+ 3.1|     | 1.7+------ DISKCHG --+34+33+--+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+    TK43 ---+ 3.2|     | 1.6+------- SIDE1 ---+32+31+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 3.3|     | 1.5+------- RDATA ---+30+29+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 3.4|     | 1.4+-------- WPT ----+28+27+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 3.5|     | 1.3+------- TRK00 ---+26+25+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 3.6|     | 1.2+------- WGATE ---+24+23+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 3.7|     | 1.1+------- WDATA ---+22+21+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            +15.0|     | 1.0+------- STEP ----+20+19+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            +15.1|     |12.0+--- DIR/SIDE1 ---+18+17+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            +15.2|     |12.1+------- MOTEB ---+16+15+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            +15.3|     |12.2+------- DRVSA ---+14+13+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            +15.4|     |12.3+------- DRVSB ---+12+11+
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            +15.5|     |12.4+------- MOTEA ---+10+9 +
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 0.0|     |12.5+------- INDEX ---+8 +7 +
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 0.1|     |12.6+-------- n/c ----+6 +5 +
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 0.2|     |12.7+- TX --- n/c ----+4 +3 +
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 0.3|     | 2.7+------- REDWC ---+2 +1 +
+            +----+     +----+                 +--+--+
+            + 0.4|     | 2.6+  
+            +----+     +----+                FDD socket
+            + 0.5|     | 2.5+  
+            +----+     +----+
+            + 0.6|     | 2.4+    TX: debug UART from board
+            +----+     +----+
+            + 0.7|     | 2.3+
+            +----+     +----+
+            + RST|     | 2.2+  
+            +----+     +----+
+            + GND|     | 2.1+  
+            +----+ USB +----+
+            + VDD+-----+ 2.0+  
+            +----+-----+----+
+               PSoC5 board
+```
+
+Notes:
+
+  - `DIR/SIDE1` is the step direction pin. During reads or writes, `SIDE1` is
+  also multiplexed onto it, because some drives expect this. This is harmless
+  on other drives because the `DIR` pin is ignored during reads or writes.
+
+  - `TX` is the debug UART port. It's on pin 12.7 because the board routes it
+  to the USB serial port on the programmer, so you can get debug information
+  from the FluxEngine by just plugging the programming end into a USB port
+  and using a serial terminal at 115200 baud. If you solder a floppy drive
+  connector on, then it'll end up connected to pin 4 of the floppy drive bus,
+  which is usually not connected. It's possible that some floppy drives do,
+  in fact, use this pin. You may wish to remove pin 4 from the floppy drive
+  socket before attaching it to the FluxEngine to make sure that this pin is
+  not connected; however, so far I have not found any drives for which this
+  is necessary. If you do find one, _please_ [get in
+  touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) so I can
+  document it.
+
+  - The `GND` pin only really needs to be connected to one of the floppy bus
+  ground pins; pin 33 is the closest. For extra safety, you can bridge all
+  the odd numbered pins together and ground them all if you like.
+
+  - `INDEX300` and `INDEX360` are optional output pins which generate fake
+  timing pulses for 300 and 360 RPM drives. These are useful for certain
+  rather exotic things. See the section on flippy disks [in the FAQ](faq.md)
+  for more details; you can normally ignore these.
+
+  - `TK43` is an optional output pin which goes low when the drive is seeking
+  to track 43 or above. This is useful when using 8" floppy drives, which
+  require reduced write current when writing to these tracks.
+
 ## Next steps

-The board's now assembled and programmed. Plug it into your drive, strip the
-plastic off the little USB connector and plug that into your computer, and
-you're ready to start using it.
+You should now be ready to go. You'll want to read [the client
+documentation](using.md) for information about how to actually do interesting
+things.

 I _do_ make updates to the firmware whenever necessary, so you may need to
 reprogram it at intervals; you may want to take this into account if you
--- a/doc/disk-amiga.md
+++ b/doc/disk-amiga.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Bizarrely, the data in each sector is stored with all the odd bits first, and
 then all the even bits. This is tied into the checksum algorithm, which is
 distinctly subpar and not particularly good at detecting errors.

-Reading discs
+Reading disks
 -------------

 Just do:
@@ -34,6 +34,28 @@ You will end up with a 929280 byte long image which you probably _can't_ use
 in an emulator; each sector will contain the 512 bytes of user payload
 followed by the 16 bytes of metadata.

+Writing disks
+-------------
+
+Just do:
+
+```
+fluxengine write amiga -i amiga.adf
+```
+
+This will rake a normal 901120 byte long ADF file and write it to a DD disk.
+Note that writing to an HD disk will probably not work (this will depend on
+your drive and disk and potential FluxEngine bugs I'm still working on ---
+please [get in touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) if
+you have any insight here).
+
+If you want to write the metadata as well, specify a 528 byte sector size for
+the output image and supply a 929280 byte long file as described above.
+
+```
+fluxengine write amiga -i amiga.adf:b=528
+```
+
 Useful references
 -----------------

--- a/doc/disk-brother.md
+++ b/doc/disk-brother.md
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@ Apparently about 20% of Brother word processors have alignment issues which
 means that the disks can't be read by FluxEngine (because the tracks on the
 disk don't line up with the position of the head in a PC drive). The word
 processors themselves solved this by microstepping until they found where the
-real track is, but normal PC drives aren't capable of doing this.
-Particularly with the 120kB disks, you might want to fiddle with the start
-track (e.g. `:t=0-79x2`) to get a clean read. Keep an eye on the bad sector
-map that's dumped at the end of a read.
+real track is, but normal PC drives aren't capable of doing this.  Particularly
+with the 120kB disks, you might want to fiddle with the start track (e.g.
+`:t=0-79x2`) to get a clean read. Keep an eye on the bad sector map that's
+dumped at the end of a read. My word processor likes to put logical track 0 on
+physical track 3, which means that logical track 77 is on physical track 80;
+luckily my PC drive can access track 80.

 Using FluxEngine to *write* disks isn't a problem, so the
 simplest solution is to use FluxEngine to create a new disk, with the tracks
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ If you find one of these misaligned disks then *please* [get in
 touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new); I want to
 investigate.

-Reading discs
+Reading disks
 -------------

 Just do:
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ fluxengine read brother

 You should end up with a `brother.img` which is 239616 bytes long.

-Writing discs
+Writing disks
 -------------

 Just do:
@@ -53,6 +55,27 @@ fluxengine write brother
 ...and it'll write a `brother.img` file which is 239616 bytes long to the
 disk. (Use `-i` to specify a different input filename.)

+Dealing with misaligned disks
+-----------------------------
+
+While FluxEngine can't read misaligned disks directly, Brother word processors
+_can_. If you have access to a compatible word processor, there's a fairly
+simple workaround to allow you to extract the data:
+
+  1. Format a disk using FluxEngine (by simply writing a blank filesystem image
+	 to a disk). This will have the correct alignment to work on a PC drive.
+
+  2. Use a word processor to copy the misaligned disk to the newly formatted
+	 disk. The machine will happily adjust itself to both sets of alignments.
+
+  3. Use FluxEngine to read the data off the correctly aligned disk.
+
+I realise this is rather unsatisfactory, as the Brother hardware is becoming
+rarer and they cope rather badly with damaged disks, but this is a limitation
+of the hardware of normal PC drives. (It _is_ possible to deliberately misalign
+a drive to make it match up with a bad disk, but this is for experts only --- I
+wouldn't dare.)
+
 Low level format
 ----------------

@@ -60,14 +83,6 @@ The drive is a single-sided 3.5" drive spinning at not 300 rpm (I don't know
 the precise speed yet but FluxEngine doesn't care). The 240kB disks have 78
 tracks and the 120kB disks have 39.

-The Brother drive alignment is kinda variable; when you put the disk in the
-drive it seeks all the way to physical track 0 and then starts searching for
-something which looks like data. My machine likes to put logical track 0 on
-physical track 3. FluxEngine puts logical track 0 on physical track 0 for
-simplicity, which works fine (at least on my machine). If this doesn't work
-for you, [get in touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new);
-there are potential workarounds.
-
 Each track has 12 256-byte sectors. The drive ignores the index hole so they're
 lined up all anyhow. As FluxEngine can only read from index to index, it
 actually reads two complete revolutions and reassembles the sectors from that.
@@ -138,7 +153,8 @@ mcopy -i brother.img ::brother.doc linux.doc
 ```

 The word processor checks the media byte, unfortunately, so you'll need to
-change it back to 0x58 before writing an image to disk.
+change it back to 0x58 before writing an image to disk. Just run
+`brother240tool` on the image again and it will flip it back.

 The file format is not WP-1, and currently remains completely unknown,
 although it's probably related. If anyone knows anything about this, please
--- a/doc/disk-ibm.md
+++ b/doc/disk-ibm.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+Disk: Generic IBM
+=================
+
+IBM scheme disks are _the_ most common disk format, ever. They're used by a
+huge variety of different systems, and they come in a huge variety of different
+forms, but they're all fundamentally the same: either FM or MFM, either single
+or double sided, with distinct sector header and data records and no sector
+metadata. Systems which use IBM scheme disks include but are not limited to:
+
+  - IBM PCs (naturally)
+  - Atari ST
+  - late era Apple machines
+  - Acorn machines
+  - the TRS-80
+  - late era Commodore machines (the 1571 and so on)
+  - most CP/M machines
+  - etc
+
+FluxEngine supports reading these. However, some variants are more peculiar
+than others, and as a result there are specific decoders which set the defaults
+correctly for certain formats (for example: on PC disks the sector numbers
+start from 1, but on [Acorn](disk-acorndfs.md) disks they start from 0). The
+IBM decoder described here is the generic one, and is suited for 'conventional'
+PC disks. While you can read all the variant formats with it if you use the
+right set of arguments, it's easier to use the specific decoder.
+
+The generic decoder is mostly self-configuring, and will detect the format of
+your disk for you.
+
+
+Reading disks
+-------------
+
+Just do:
+
+    fluxengine read ibm
+
+...and you'll end up with an `ibm.img` file. This should work on most PC disks
+(including FM 360kB disks, 3.5" 1440kB disks, 5.25" 1200kB disks, etc.) The size
+of the disk image will vary depending on the format.
+
+Configuration options you'll want include:
+
+  - `--ibm-sector-id-base=N`: specifies the ID of the first sector; this defaults
+	to 1. Some formats (like the Acorn ones) start at 0. This can't be
+	autodetected because FluxEngine can't distinguish between a disk which
+	starts at sector 1 and a disk which starts at sector 0 but all the sector
+	0s are missing.
+
+  - `--ibm-ignore-side-byte=true|false`: each sector header describes the location of the
+	sector: sector ID, track and side. Some formats use the wrong side ID, so
+	the sectors on side 1 are labelled as belonging to side 0. This causes
+	FluxEngine to see duplicate sectors (as it can't distinguish between the
+	two sides). This option tells FluxEngine to ignore the side byte completely
+	and use the physical side instead.
+
+  - `--ibm-required-sectors=range`: if you know how many sectors to expect per
+	track, you can improve reads by telling FluxEngine what to expect here. If
+	a track is read and a sector on this list is _not_ present, then FluxEngine
+	assumes the read failed and will retry. This avoids the situation where
+	FluxEngine can't tell the difference between a sector missing because it's
+	bad or a sector missing because it was never written in the first place. If
+	sectors are seen outside the range here, it will still be read. You can use
+	the same syntax as for track specifiers: e.g. `0-9`, `0,1,2,3`, etc.
+
+
+Writing disks
+-------------
+
+FluxEngine can also write IBM scheme disks. Unfortunately the format is
+incredibly flexible and you need to specify every single parameter, which
+makes things slightly awkward.
+
+The syntax is:
+
+    fluxengine write ibm -i input.img <options>
+
+The format of `input.img` will vary depending on the kind of disk you're
+writing, which is configured by the options. There are some presets, which
+you will almost certainly want to use if possible:
+
+  - `--ibm-preset-720`: a standard 720kB DS DD 3.5" disk, with 80 cylinders,
+  2 sides, and 9 sectors per track.
+  - `--ibm-preset-1440`: a standard 1440kB DS HD 3.5" disk, with 80
+  cylinders, 2 sides, and 18 sectors per track.
+
+These options simply preset the following, lower-level options. Note that
+options are processed left to right, so it's possible to use a preset and
+then change some settings. To see the values for a preset, simply append
+`--help`.
+
+  - `--ibm-track-length-ms=N`: one disk rotation, in milliseconds. This is used
+  to determine whether all the data will fit on a track or not. `fluxengine
+  rpm` will tell you this; it'll be 200 for a normal 3.5" drive and 166 for a
+  normal 5.25" drive.
+  - `--ibm-sector-size=N`: the size of a sector, in bytes. Must be a power of
+  two.
+  - `--ibm-emit-iam=true|false`: whether to emit the IAM record at the top of
+  the track. The standard format requires it, but it's ignored by absolutely
+  everyone and you can fit a bit more data on the disk without it.
+  - `--ibm-start-sector-id=N`: the sector ID of the first sector. Normally 1,
+  except for non-standard formats like Acorn's, which use 0.
+  - `--ibm-use-fm=true|false`: uses FM rather than MFM.
+  - `--ibm-idam-byte=N`: the sixteen-bit raw bit pattern used for the IDAM ID
+  byte. Big-endian, clock bit first.
+  - `--ibm-dam-byte-N`: the sixteen-bit raw bit pattern used for the DAM ID
+  byte. Big-endian, clock bit first.
+  - `--ibm-gap0-bytes=N`: the size of gap 0 in bytes (between the start of
+  the track and the IAM record).
+  - `--ibm-gap1-bytes=N`: the size of gap 1 in bytes (between the IAM record
+  and the first sector record).
+  - `--ibm-gap2-bytes=N`: the size of gap 2 in bytes (between each sector
+  record and the data record).
+  - `--ibm-gap3-bytes=N`: the size of gap 3 in bytes (between the data record
+  and the next sector record).
+  - `--ibm-sector-skew=0123...`: a string representing the order in which to
+  write sectors: each character represents on sector, with `0` being the
+  first (always, regardless of `--ibm-start-sector-id` above). Sectors 10 and
+  above are represented as latters from `A` up.
+
+Mixed-format disks
+------------------
+
+Some disks, usually those belonging to early CP/M machines, have more than one
+format on the disk at once. Typically, the first few tracks will be low-density
+FM encoded and will be read by the machine's ROM; those tracks contain new
+floppy drive handling code capable of coping with MFM data, and so the rest of
+the disk will use that, allowing them to store more data.
+
+FluxEngine copes with these fine, but the disk images are a bit weird. If track
+0 is FM and contains five sectors, but track 1 is MFM with nine sectors (MFM is
+more efficient and the sectors are physically smaller, allowing you to get more
+on), then the resulting image will have nine sectors per track... but track 0
+will only contain data in the first five.
+
+This is typically what you want as it makes locating the sectors in the image
+easier, but emulators will typically require a different format. Please [get
+in touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) if you have
+specific requirements (nothing's come up yet). Alternatively, you can tell
+FluxEngine to write a [`.ldbs`
+file](http://www.seasip.info/Unix/LibDsk/ldbs.html) and then use
+[libdsk](http://www.seasip.info/Unix/LibDsk/) to convert it to something
+useful.
+
+One easy option when reading these is to simply read the two sections of the
+disk into two different image files.
+
+FluxEngine can write these too, but in two different passes with different
+options. It's possible to assemble a flux file by judicious use of `-D
+something.flux --merge`, which can then be written in a single pass with
+`fluxengine writeflux`, but it's usually not worth the bother: just write the
+boot tracks, then write the data tracks, possibly with a script for automation.
--- a/doc/disk-macintosh.md
+++ b/doc/disk-macintosh.md
@@ -28,8 +28,16 @@ for example the Commodore 64 1541 drive, changed bitrate this way.
 But Macintosh disks used a constant bitrate and changed the speed that the
 disk spun instead to achieve the same effect...

-_Anyway_: FluxEngine will read them fine on a conventional drive. Because
-it's clever.
+_Anyway_: FluxEngine will read them fine on conventional drives.
+Because it's clever.
+
+**Big note.** Apparently --- and I'm still getting to the bottom of this ---
+some drives work and some don't. My drives produce about 90% good reads of
+known good disks. One rumour I've heard is that drives sometimes include
+filters which damage the signals at very particular intervals which Mac disks
+use, but frankly this seems unlikely; it could be a software issue at my end
+and I'm investigating. If you have any insight, please [get in
+touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new).

 Reading discs
 -------------
@@ -37,22 +45,34 @@ Reading discs
 Just do:

 ```
-fluxengine read mac
+fluxengine read mac -o mac.diskcopy
 ```

-You should end up with an `mac.img` which is 1001888 bytes long (for a normal
-DD disk). If you want the single-sided variety, use `-s :s=0`.
+You should end up with a `mac.diskcopy` file which is compatible with DiskCopy
+4.2, which most Mac emulators support.

-**Big warning!** The image may not work in an emulator. Mac disk images are
-complicated due to the way the tracks are different sizes and the odd sector
-size. FluxEngine chooses to store them in a simple 524 x 12 x 2 x 80 layout,
-with holes where missing sectors should be. This was easiest. If anyone can
-suggest a better way, please [get in
-touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new).
+**Big warning!** Mac disk images are complicated due to the way the tracks are
+different sizes and the odd sector size. If you use a normal `.img` file, then
+FluxEngine will store them in a simple 524 x 12 x 2 x 80 layout, with holes
+where missing sectors should be; this was easiest, but is unlikely to work with
+most Mac emulators and other software. In these files, the 12 bytes of
+metadata _follow_ the 512 bytes of user payload in the sector image. If you
+don't want it, specify a geometry in the output file with a 512-byte sectore
+size like `-o mac.img:c=80:h=1:s=12:b=512`.

-The 12 bytes of metadata _follow_ the 512 bytes of user payload in the sector
-image. If you don't want it, specify a geometry in the output file with a
-512-byte sectore size like `-o mac.img:c=80:h=1:s=12:b=512`.
+Writing discs
+-------------
+
+Just do:
+
+```
+fluxengine write mac -i mac.diskcopy
+```
+
+It'll read the DiskCopy 4.2 file and write it out.
+
+The same warning as above applies --- you can use normal `.img` files but it's
+problematic. Use DiskCopy 4.2 files instead.

 Useful references
 -----------------
@@ -66,3 +86,7 @@ Useful references

  - [Les Disquettes et le drive Disk II](http://www.hackzapple.com/DISKII/DISKIITECH.HTM), an
    epicly detailed writeup of the Apple II disk format (which is closely related)
+
+  - [The DiskCopy 4.2
+	format](https://www.discferret.com/wiki/Apple_DiskCopy_4.2), described on
+	the DiskFerret website.
--- a/doc/disk-micropolis.md
+++ b/doc/disk-micropolis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Disk: Micropolis
+================
+
+Micropolis MetaFloppy disks use MFM and hard sectors. They were 100 TPI and
+stored 315k per side. Each of the 16 sectors contains 266 bytes of "user data,"
+allowing 10 bytes of metadata for use by the operating system. Micropolis DOS
+(MDOS) used the metadata bytes, but CP/M did not.
+
+Some later systems were Micropolis-compatible and so were also 100 TPI, like
+the Vector Graphic Dual-Mode Disk Controller which was paired with a Tandon
+drive.
+
+**Important note:** You _cannot_ read these disks with a normal PC drive, as
+these drives are 96tpi.The track spacing is determined by the physical geometry
+of the drive and can't be changed in software. You'll need to get hold of a
+100tpi Micropolis drive. Luckily these seem to use the same connector and
+pinout as a 96tpi PC 5.25" drive. In use they should be identical.
+
+Reading disks
+-------------
+
+Just do:
+
+```
+fluxengine read micropolis
+```
+
+You should end up with a `micropolis.img` which is 630784 bytes long (for a
+normal DD disk). The image is written in CHS order, but HCS is generally used
+by CP/M tools so the image needs to be post-processed. For only half-full disks
+or single-sided disks, you can use `-s :s=0` to read only one side of the disk
+which works around the problem.
+
+The [CP/M BIOS](https://www.seasip.info/Cpm/bios.html) defined SELDSK, SETTRK,
+and SETSEC, but no function to select the head/side. Double-sided floppies
+could be represented as having either twice the number of sectors, for CHS, or
+twice the number of tracks, HCS; the second side's tracks logically followed
+the first side (e.g., tracks 77-153). Micropolis disks tended to be the latter.
+
+Useful references
+-----------------
+
+  - [Micropolis 1040/1050 S-100 Floppy Disk Subsystems User's Manual][micropolis1040/1050].
+    Section 6, pages 261-266. Documents pre-ECC sector format. Note that the
+    entire record, starting at the sync byte, is controlled by software
+
+  - [Vector Graphic Dual-Mode Disk Controller Board Engineering Documentation][vectordualmode].
+    Section 1.6.2. Documents ECC sector format
+
+  - [AltairZ80 Simulator Usage Manual][altairz80]. Section 10.6. Documents ECC
+    sector format and VGI file format
+
+[micropolis1040/1050]: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/micropolis/metafloppy/1084-01_1040_1050_Users_Manual_Apr79.pdf
+[vectordualmode]: http://bitsavers.org/pdf/vectorGraphic/hardware/7200-1200-02-1_Dual-Mode_Disk_Controller_Board_Engineering_Documentation_Feb81.pdf
+[altairz80]: http://www.bitsavers.org/simh.trailing-edge.com_201206/pdf/altairz80_doc.pdf
--- a/doc/disk-tids990.md
+++ b/doc/disk-tids990.md
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Disk: TI DS990 FD1000
+=====================
+
+The Texas Instruments DS990 was a multiuser modular computing system from 1998,
+based around the TMS-9900 processor (as used by the TI-99). It had an 8" floppy
+drive module, the FD1000, which was a 77-track, 288-byte sector FM/MFM system
+with 26 sectors per track. The encoding scheme was very similar to a simplified
+version of the IBM scheme, but of course not compatible. A double-sided disk
+would store a very satisfactory 1126kB of data; here's one at <a
+href="https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1025">old-computers.com</a>:
+
+<div style="text-align: center">
+<a href="https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=1025">
+<img src="tids990.jpg" style="max-width: 60%" alt="A DS990 at old-computers.com"></a>
+</div>
+
+FluxEngine will read and write these (but only the DSDD MFM variant).
+
+Reading discs
+-------------
+
+Just do:
+
+```
+fluxengine read tids990
+```
+
+You should end up with an `tids990.img` which is 1153152 bytes long.
+
+Writing discs
+-------------
+
+Just do:
+
+```
+fluxengine write tids990 -i tids990.img
+```
+
+
+Useful references
+-----------------
+
+  - [The FD1000 Depot Maintenance
+	Manual](http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ti/990/disk/2261885-9701_FD1000depotVo1_Jan81.pdf)
+
+
--- a/doc/disk-trs80.md
+++ b/doc/disk-trs80.md
@@ -32,3 +32,11 @@ If you've got a 40-track disk, use `-s :t=0-79x2`.

 If you've got a single density disk, use `--read-fm=true`. (Double density is
 the default.)
+
+
+Useful references
+-----------------
+
+  - [The JV3 file format](https://www.tim-mann.org/trs80/dskspec.html):
+	documents the most popular emulator disk image.
+
--- a/doc/faq.md
+++ b/doc/faq.md
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ haven't had the chance to try it end-for-end. I really need a hard-sectored

 **Q.** Does it work with flippy disks?

-Uhhh... probably not.
+Uhhh... maybe?

 So the problem with flippy disks (5.25" single-sided disks which could be
 inserted upside down to read the second side) is the index hole. Trouble is,
@@ -79,16 +79,26 @@ the other. But a flippy disk has both sets of tracks in the same place,
 because they're both accessed using the side 0 head...

 The only real way round this is to modify a 5.25" drive. That's _seriously_
-not in FluxEngine's remit. Sorry.
+not in FluxEngine's remit, but I've had some [excellent documentation
+contributed](Index_sensor_mod_FDD_1.1.pdf) on how to do this. I've never done
+it myself; if you try this and it works/doesn't work, as always, [get in
+touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new).

-**Q.** Is this like KryoFlux / Catweasel / DiskFerret? Do you support KryoFlux
+Another option is to fake the index signal to the drive completely. The
+FluxEngine emits suitable pulses for a 300RPM drive on pin 3[0] and the
+equivalent pulses for a 360RPM drive on pin 3[1]. Disclaimer: I have never used
+these.
+
+**Q.** Is this like Supercard Pro / KryoFlux / Catweasel / DiskFerret? Do you
+*support KryoFlux
 stream files?

 **A.** It's very like all of these; the idea's old, and lots of people have
 tried it (you can get away with any sufficiently fast microcontroller and
 enough RAM). FluxEngine can read from KryoFlux stream files natively, and
-there's a tool which will let you convert at least one kind of Catweasel file
-to FluxEngine's native flux file format.
+there's a tool which will let you convert at least one kind of Catweasel
+files and Supercard Pro files to and from FluxEngine's native flux file
+format.

 **Q.** Can I use this to make exact copies of disks?

--- a/doc/greaseweazle.md
+++ b/doc/greaseweazle.md
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+Using the FluxEngine client software with GreaseWeazle hardware
+===============================================================
+
+The FluxEngine isn't the only project which does this; another one is the
+[GreaseWeazle](https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/wiki), a Blue Pill based
+completely open source solution. This requires more work to set up (or you can
+buy a prebuilt GreaseWeazle board), but provides completely open source
+hardware which doesn't require the use of the Cypress Windows-based tools that
+the FluxEngine does. Luckily, the FluxEngine software supports it
+out-of-the-box --- just plug it in and nearly everything should work.
+
+I am aware that having _software_ called FluxEngine and _hardware_ called
+FluxEngine makes things complicated when you're not using the FluxEngine client
+software with a FluxEngine board, but I'm afraid it's too late to change that
+now. Sorry.
+
+If you're using Windows
+-----------------------
+
+In order to access the GreaseWeazle from Windows, you need to install a WinUSB
+driver for it. You can do this with the [Zadig](https://zadig.akeo.ie/)
+program. Download it, plug in the GreaseWeazle, and run it; select Options,
+List All Devices, and then open the big dropdown box and select the
+GreaseWeazle. You should see something like this.
+
+<div style="text-align: center">
+<img src="zadig.png" style="width:80%" alt="Zadig screenshot"></a>
+</div>
+
+Ensure that the Driver boxes say `usbser` and `WinUSB`. Then press 'Replace
+Driver'. Once done, the GreaseWeazle will be visible to the FluxEngine client.
+
+**Important note!** Unfortunately, now, the original GreaseWeazle client won't
+work --- you can't use both drivers at once. I'm working on this. To switch
+back to the original driver, for using the GreaseWeazle client software
+instead, open up Zadig again, go through the same process, but make sure the left Driver box says `WinUSB` and the right one says `USB Serial (CDC)`. Now, when you press 'Replace Driver' the original driver will be restored.
+
+What works
+----------
+
+Supported features with the GreaseWeazle include:
+
+  - simple reading and writing of disks, seeking etc
+  - erasing disks
+  - determining disk rotation speed
+
+What doesn't work
+-----------------
+
+(I'm still working on this. If you have an urgent need for anything, please
+[file an issue](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) and I'll
+see what I can do.)
+
+  - voltage measurement
+  - hard sectored disks (you can still read these, but you can't use
+	`--hard-sector-count`).
+
+Who to contact
+--------------
+
+I want to make it clear that the FluxEngine code is _not_ supported by the
+GreaseWeazle team. If you have any problems, please [contact
+me](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) and not them.
+
+In addition, the GreaseWeazle release cycle is not synchronised to the
+FluxEngine release cycle, so it's possible you'll have a version of the
+GreaseWeazle firmware which is not supported by FluxEngine. Hopefully, it'll
+detect this and complain. Again, [file an
+issue](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) and I'll look into
+it.
+
--- a/doc/technical.md
+++ b/doc/technical.md
@@ -22,19 +22,17 @@ FluxEngine, where a different datapath state machine thingy (the PSoC5LP has
 24, all independently programmable) to interpret the bytecodes, generate a
 stream of pulses to the disk.

-The bytecode format represents an interval between pulses as a byte, a pulse
-as a byte, and the index hole as a byte. Timer overflows are handled by
-sending multiple intervals in a row. However, the USB transport applies a
-simple compression system to this in order to get the USB bandwidth down to
-something manageable.
+The bytecode format is very simple with a six-bit interval since the previous
+event in the lower six bits and the top two bits are set of a pulse or an index
+hole (or both, or neither).

 An HD floppy has a nominal pulse frequency of 500kHz, and we use a sample
 clock of 12MHz (every 83ns). This means that our 500kHz pulses will have an
 average interval of 24. This gives us more than enough resolution. At this
 speed, in the 200ms that a 3.5" disk takes to rotate, we will see about
-100,000 pulses. Each one is encoded as two bytes, one for the interval and
-one to generate the pulse; so that revolution generates 200kB of data.
-(Extremely approximately. The actual figure is less.)
+100,000 pulses. Each one is encoded as a single byte; so that revolution
+generates 100kB of data.  (Extremely approximately. The actual figure varies
+depending on what data is stored on the disk.)

 (The clock needs to be absolutely rock solid or we get jitter which makes the
 data difficult to analyse, so 12 was chosen to be derivable from the
@@ -59,53 +57,36 @@ Some useful and/or interesting numbers:

 ## Why don't I use an Arduino / STM32 / ESP32 / Raspberry Pi / etc?

-I've got a _lot_ of questions on this, and multiple Github issues of people
+-I've got a _lot_ of questions on this, and multiple Github issues of people
 debating it. It's complicated, but it's essentially a tradeoff between speed
-and complexity.
+and complexity.-

-FluxEngine's read process involves generating a lot of data using a fairly
-brute force sampling approach --- about 150kB per disk revolution, and
-sometimes it needs to record multiple revolutions. Most microcontrollers
-don't have enough RAM to buffer this, so instead I have to stream it over USB
-back to the host PC in real time. The disk won't wait, so I need to stream data faster
-than the disk is producing it: the total is about 800kB/s.
+**Update as of 2020-01-08:**

-Handling USB is pretty CPU-hungry, so my candidate microntroller has to be
-able to cope with the ruinously strict real-time requirements of the
-sampler's 12MHz clock as well as keeping up with 13,000 USB interrupts a
-second (one for each 64-byte frame) in order to transfer the data.
+Right. Well.

-The Atmels and STM32s I found were perfectly capable of doing the real-time
-sampling, using hand-tool assembly, but I very much doubt whether they could
-do the USB streaming as well (although I want to move away from the Cypress
-onto something less proprietary and easier to source, so I'd like to be
-proven wrong here).
+This section used to have a long explanation as to why these other platforms
+were unsuitable --- essentially, they're generally missing out on either the
+realtimeness to sample the data correctly (Raspberry Pi) or enough CPU to
+stream the data over USB while also sampling it (Arduino).

-The Raspberry Pi easily has enough processing power and memory, but it's also
-got terrible GPIO pin read performance --- [about
-1kHz](https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/9646/how-fast-is-gpiodma-multi-i2s-input/10197#10197).
-That's a long way from the 12MHz I need.
+This is correct, but it turns out that the STM32 has some built-in features
+which support the FluxEngine's use case almost exactly: you can configure the
+DMA engine to sample the interval between pulses and write them directly into
+memory, and you can configure the PWM engine the read samples from memory and
+use them to time pulses to the output. There's a bit less functionality, so you
+can't do things like measure the signal voltages, and they're less convenient
+as you need an adapter cable or board, but this will allow you to replicate the
+FluxEngine hardware on a $2 Blue Pill.

-The PSoC5LP part I'm using has enough CPU to handle the USB side of things,
-and it _also_ has a whole set of FPGA-like soft programmable features,
-including 24 mini-ALU systems that are ideally suited to exactly this kind of
-sampling. I can read the disk and generate the byte stream describing the
-flux pattern entirely in 'hardware', without involving the main CPU at all.
-This is then DMAed directly into a set of ring buffers read for the USB
-system to pick up and relay back to the PC. It's incredibly simple and works
-well. (The same applies to writing flux back onto the disk.)
+I am _not_ planning on replacing the PSoC5 with a Blue Pill, because someone
+already has: [the GreaseWeazle](https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/wiki) is
+a completely open source firmware package which will read and write Supercard
+Pro files via a standard Blue Pill or via a prebuilt board. It's supported by
+the FluxEngine client software, and you should, mostly, be able to use
+GreaseWeazle hardware interchangeably with FluxEngine hardware. See the
+[dedicated page](greaseweazle.md) for more information.

-The development board I'm using, the
-[CY8CKIT-059](https://www.cypress.com/documentation/development-kitsboards/cy8ckit-059-psoc-5lp-prototyping-kit-onboard-programmer-and),
-also has another big advantage: it's the right shape. It's got 17 holes in a
-row connected to GPIO pins, and it's a native 5V part, which means I can just
-connect a floppy drive connector directly to the board without needing to
-build any hardware. No adapter board, no level shifting, no special cable,
-nothing. This makes the FluxEngine hardware incredibly easy to assemble,
-which therefore means cheap.
-
-Speaking of which, the CY8CKIT-059 is $10. (Before shipping, which is
-admittedly expensive.)

 ### Some useful links

--- a/doc/tids990.jpg
+++ b/doc/tids990.jpg
--- a/doc/using.md
+++ b/doc/using.md
@@ -1,68 +1,8 @@
 Using a FluxEngine
 ==================

-So you've [built the hardware](building.md)! What now?
-
-## Connecting it up
-
-In order to do anything useful, you have to plug it in to a floppy disk drive (or two).
-
-  1. Plug the motherboard end of your floppy disk cable into the FluxEngine.
-     
-     The **red stripe goes on the right**. The **lower set of
-     holes connect to the board**. (Pin 2 of the connector needs to connect
-     to pin 2.7 on the board.)
-
-     If you're using header pins, the upper row of holes in the connector
-     should overhang the edge of the board. If you're using a floppy drive
-     motherboard connector, you're golden, of course (unless you have one of
-     those annoying unkeyed cables, or have accidentally soldered the
-     connector on in the wrong place --- don't laugh, I've done it.)
-
-  2. Plug the drive end of your floppy disk cable into the drive (or drives).
-
-     Floppy disk cables typically have [two pairs of floppy disk drive
-     connectors with a twist between
-     them](http://www.nullmodem.com/Floppy.htm). (Each pair has one connector
-     for a 3.5" drive and a different one for a 5.25" drive.) (Some cables
-     are cheap and just have the 3.5" connectors. Some are _very_ cheap and
-     have a single 3.5" connector, after the twist.)
-     
-     FluxEngine uses, sadly, non-standard disk numbering (there are reasons).
-     Drive 0 is the one nearest the motherboard; that is, before the twist.
-     Drive 1 is the one at the end of the cable; that is, after the twist.
-     Drive 0 is the default. If you only have one drive, remember to plug the
-     drive into the connector _before_ the twist. (Or use `-s :d=1` to select
-     drive 1 when working with disks.)
-
-  3. **Important.** Make sure that no disk you care about is in the drive.
-     (Because if your wiring is wrong and a disk is inserted, you'll corrupt it.)
-
-  4. Connect the floppy drive to power. Nothing should happen. If you've
-     connected something in backwards, you'll see the drive light up, the
-     motor start, and if you didn't take the disk out, one track has just
-     been wiped. If this happens, check your wiring.
-
-  5. Connect the FluxEngine to your PC via USB --- using the little socket on
-     the board, not the big programmer plug.
-
-  6. Insert a scratch disk and do `fluxengine rpm` from the shell. The motor
-     should work and it'll tell you that the disk is spinning at about 300
-     rpm for a 3.5" disk, or 360 rpm for a 5.25" disk. If it doesn't, please
-     [get in touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new).
-
-  7. Do `fluxengine testbulktransport` from the shell. It'll measure your USB
-     bandwidth. Ideally you should be getting above 900kB/s. FluxEngine needs
-     about 850kB/s, so if you're getting less than this, try a different USB
-     port.
-
-  8. Insert a standard PC formatted floppy disk into the drive (probably a good
-     idea to remove the old disk first). Then do `fluxengine read ibm`. It
-     should read the disk, emitting copious diagnostics, and spit out an
-     `ibm.img` file containing the decoded disk image (either 1440kB or 720kB
-     depending).
-
-  9. Profit!
+So you've [built the hardware](building.md), programmed and tested it! What
+now?

 ## The programs

@@ -71,10 +11,48 @@ moving too quickly for the documentation to keep up. It does respond to
 `--help` or `help` depending on context. There are some common properties,
 described below.

+### Core concepts
+
+FluxEngine fundamentally takes file system images and puts them on disk; or
+reads the disk and produces a file system image.
+
+A file system image typically has the extension `.img`. It contains a
+sector-by-sector record of the _decoded_ data on the disk. For example, on a
+disk with 512 byte sectors, one sector will occupy 512 bytes. These are
+typically what you want in everyday life.
+
+FluxEngine can also record the raw magnetic data on the disk into a file, which
+we call a _flux file_. This contains all the low-level data which the drive
+produced as the disk rotated. These are continuous streams of samples from the
+disk and are completely useless in day-to-day life. FluxEngine uses its own
+format for this, `.flux`, although it's capable of limited interchange with
+Kryoflux, Supercard Pro and Catweasel files. A flux file will typically contain
+from 80 to 150 kilobytes of data per track.
+
+In general, FluxEngine can use either a real disk or a flux file
+interchangeably: you can specify either at (very nearly) any time. A very
+common workflow is to read a disk to a flux file, and then reread from the flux
+file while changing the decoder options, to save disk wear. It's also much faster.
+
+### Connecting it up
+
+To use, simply plug your FluxEngine into your computer and run the client. If a
+single device is plugged in, it will be automatically detected and used.
+
+If _more_ than one device is plugged in, you need to specify which one to use
+with the `--device` parameter, which takes the device serial number as a
+parameter.  You can find out the serial numbers by running the command without
+the `--device` parameter, and if more than one device is attached they will be
+listed. The serial number is also shown whenever a connection is made.
+
+You _can_ work with more than one FluxEngine at the same time, using different
+invocations of the client; but be careful of USB bandwidth. If the devices are
+connected via the same hub, the bandwidth will be shared.
+
 ### Source and destination specifiers

-When reading from or writing to _a disk_ (or a file pretending to be a disk),
-use the `--source` (`-s`) and `--dest` (`-d`) options to tell FluxEngine
+When reading from or writing _flux_ (either from or to a real disk, or a flux
+file), use the `--source` (`-s`) and `--dest` (`-d`) options to tell FluxEngine
 which bits of the disk you want to access. These use a common syntax:

 ```
@@ -84,7 +62,7 @@ fluxengine read ibm -s fakedisk.flux:t=0-79:s=0
  - To access a real disk, leave out the filename (so `:t=0-79:s=0`).

  - To access only some tracks, use the `t=` modifier. To access only some
-    sides, use the `s=` modifier. To change drives, use `d=`.
+    sides, use the `s=` modifier.

  - Inside a modifier, you can use a comma separated list of ranges. So
    `:t=0-3` and `:t=0,1,2,3` are equivalent.
@@ -110,18 +88,15 @@ If you _don't_ specify a modifier, you'll get the default, which should be
 sensible for the command you're using.

 **Important note:** FluxEngine _always_ uses zero-based units (even if the
-*disk format says otherwise).
+disk format says otherwise).

 ### Input and output specifiers

-These use a very similar syntax to the source and destination specifiers
-(because they're based on the same microformat library!) but are used for
-input and output _images_: i.e. nicely lined up arrays of sectors which you
-can actually do something with.
-
-Use `--input` (`-i`) or `--output` (`-o`) as appropriate to tell FluxEngine
-where you want to read from or write to. The actual format is autodetected
-based on the extension:
+When reading or writing _file system images_, use the `--input` (`-i`) and
+`--output` (`-o`) options to specify the file and file format. These use a very
+similar syntax to the source and destination specifiers (because they're based
+on the same microformat library!) but with different specifiers. Also, the
+exact format varies according to the extension:

  - `.img` or `.adf`: raw sector images in CHS order. Append
    `:c=80:h=2:s=9:b=512` to set the geometry; that specifies 80 cylinders, 2
@@ -157,6 +132,14 @@ based on the extension:
    FluxEngine's D64 support is currently limited to write only. It will work
    with up to 40 logical tracks.

+  - `.diskcopy`: a Macintosh DiskCopy 4.2 file. This is a special-purpose
+	format due to the weird layout of Mac GCR disks, but it can also support
+	720kB and 1440kB IBM disks (although there's no real benefit).
+
+  - `.jv3`: a disk image format mainly used by the TRS-80. These images can be
+	read, but not yet written. You only get the data; the density and DAM bits
+	are ignored.
+
 ### High density disks

 High density disks use a different magnetic medium to low and double density
@@ -176,6 +159,29 @@ case, and reading the disk label is much more reliable.
 [Lots more information on high density vs double density disks can be found
 here.](http://www.retrotechnology.com/herbs_stuff/guzis.html)

+### Other important flags
+
+These flags apply to many operations and are useful for modifying the overall
+behaviour.
+
+  - `--revolutions=X`: when reading, spin the disk X times. X can be a floating
+	point number. The default is usually 1.25. Some formats default to 1.
+	Increasing the number will sample more data, and can be useful on dubious
+	disks to try and get a better read.
+
+  - `--sync-with-index=true|false`: wait for an index pulse before starting to
+	read the disk. (Ignored for write operations.) By default FluxEngine
+	doesn't, as it makes reads faster, but when diagnosing disk problems it's
+	helpful to have all your data start at the same place each time.
+
+  - `--index-source=X`, `--write-index-source=X`: set the source of index
+	pulses when reading or writing respectively. This is for use with drives
+	which don't produce index pulse data. Use 0 to get index pulses from the
+	drive, 1 to fake 300RPM pulses, or 2 to fake 360RPM pulses. Note this has
+	no effect on the _drive_, so it doesn't help with flippy disks, but is
+	useful for using very old drives with FluxEngine itself. If you use this
+	option, then any index marks in the sampled flux are, of course, garbage.
+
 ### The commands

 The FluxEngine client software is a largely undocumented set of small tools.
@@ -184,56 +190,57 @@ installed anywhere and after building you'll find them in the `.obj`
 directory.

  - `fluxengine erase`: wipes (all or part of) a disk --- erases it without
-  writing a pulsetrain.
+	writing a pulsetrain.

  - `fluxengine inspect`: dumps the raw pulsetrain / bitstream to stdout.
-  Mainly useful for debugging.
+	Mainly useful for debugging.

-  - `fluxengine read*`: reads various formats of disk. See the per-format
-  documentation linked from the table above. These all take an optional
-  `--write-flux` option which will cause the raw flux to be written to the
-  specified file.
+  - `fluxengine read *`: reads various formats of disk. See the per-format
+	documentation linked from the table [in the index page](../README.md).
+	These all take an optional `--write-flux` option which will cause the raw
+	flux to be written to the specified file as well as the normal decode.
+	There are various `--dump` options for showing raw data during the decode
+	process, and `--write-csv` will write a copious CSV report of the state of
+	every sector in the file in machine-readable format.

-  - `fluxengine write*`: writes various formats of disk. Again, see the
-  per-format documentation above.
+  - `fluxengine write *`: writes various formats of disk. Again, see the
+	per-format documentation [in the index page](../README.md).

  - `fluxengine writeflux`: writes raw flux files. This is much less useful
-  than you might think: you can't write flux files read from a disk to
-  another disk. (See the [FAQ](faq.md) for more information.) It's mainly
-  useful for flux files synthesised by the other `fluxengine write` commands.
+	than you might think: you can't reliably write flux files read from a disk
+	to another disk. (See the [FAQ](faq.md) for more information.) It's mainly
+	useful for flux files synthesised by the other `fluxengine write` commands.

  - `fluxengine writetestpattern`: writes regular pulses (at a configurable
-  interval) to the disk. Useful for testing drive jitter, erasing disks in a
-  more secure fashion, or simply debugging. Goes well with `fluxengine
-  inspect`.
+	interval) to the disk. Useful for testing drive jitter, erasing disks in a
+	more secure fashion, or simply debugging. Goes well with `fluxengine
+	inspect`.

  - `fluxengine rpm`: measures the RPM of the drive (requires a disk in the
-  drive). Mainly useful for testing.
+	drive). Mainly useful for testing.

  - `fluxengine seek`: moves the head. Mainly useful for finding out whether
-  your drive can seek to track 82. (Mine can't.)
+	your drive can seek to track 82. (Mine can't.)

-  - `fluxengine testbulktransport`: measures your USB throughput. You need
-  about 600kB/s for FluxEngine to work. You don't need a disk in the drive
-  for this one.
+  - `fluxengine test bandwidth`: measures your USB throughput.  You don't need
+	a disk in the drive for this one.

-  - `fluxengine upgradefluxfile`: occasionally I need to upgrade the flux
-  file format in a non-backwards-compatible way; this tool will upgrade flux
-  files to the new format.
+  - `fluxengine test voltages`: measures your FDD bus signal voltages, which is
+	useful for testing for termination issues.

-  - `fluxengine convert`: converts flux files from various formats to various
-  other formats. You can use this to convert Catweasel flux files to
-  FluxEngine's native format, FluxEngine flux files to various other formats
-  useful for debugging (including VCD which can be loaded into
-  [sigrok](http://sigrok.org)), and bidirectional conversion to and from
-  Supercard Pro `.scp` format.
+  - `fluxengine upgradefluxfile`: occasionally I need to upgrade the flux file
+	format in a non-backwards-compatible way; this tool will upgrade flux files
+	to the new format.

-  **Important SCP note:** import (`fluxengine convert scptoflux`) should be
-  fairly robust, but export (`fluxengine convert fluxtoscp`) should only be
-  done with great caution as FluxEngine files contain features which can't be
-  represented very well in `.scp` format and they're probably pretty dubious.
-  As ever, please [get in
-  touch](https://github.com/davidgiven/fluxengine/issues/new) with any reports.
+  - `fluxengine convert`: converts files from various formats to various other
+	formats. The main use of this is probably `fluxengine convert image`, which
+	will convert a disk image from one format to another.
+
+	There are also subcommands for converting Catweasel flux files to
+	FluxEngine's native format, FluxEngine flux files to various other formats
+	useful for debugging (including VCD which can be loaded into
+	[sigrok](http://sigrok.org)), and bidirectional conversion to and from
+	Supercard Pro `.scp` format.

 Commands which normally take `--source` or `--dest` get a sensible default if
 left unspecified. `fluxengine read ibm` on its own will read drive 0 and
@@ -259,8 +266,10 @@ disk). For a 5.25" disk, use `--visualiser-period=166`.
 Supplied with FluxEngine, but not part of FluxEngine, are some little tools I
 wrote to do useful things. These are built alongside FluxEngine.

-  - `brother120tool`: extracts files from a 120kB Brother filesystem image.
-
+  - `brother120tool`, `brother240tool`: does things to Brother word processor
+	disks. These are [documented on the Brother disk format
+	page](disk-brother.md).
+  
 ## The recommended workflow

 So you've just received, say, a huge pile of old Brother word processor disks
@@ -269,13 +278,13 @@ containing valuable historical data, and you want to read them.
 Typically I do this:

 ```
-$ fluxengine read brother -s :d=0 -o brother.img --write-flux=brother.flux --write-svg=brother.svg
+$ fluxengine read brother -s :d=0 -o brother.img --write-flux=brother.flux --overwrite --write-svg=brother.svg
 ```

-This will read the disk in drive 0 and write out a filesystem image. It'll
-also copy the flux to brother.flux and write out an SVG visualisation. If I
-then need to tweak the settings, I can rerun the decode without having to
-physically touch the disk like this:
+This will read the disk in drive 0 and write out a filesystem image. It'll also
+copy the flux to `brother.flux` (replacing any old one) and write out an SVG
+visualisation. If I then need to tweak the settings, I can rerun the decode
+without having to physically touch the disk like this:

 ```
 $ fluxengine read brother -s brother.flux -o brother.img --write-svg=brother.svg
--- a/doc/zadig.png
+++ b/doc/zadig.png
--- a/lib/bytes.cc
+++ b/lib/bytes.cc
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "bytes.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
-#include "common/crunch.h"
 #include <fstream>
 #include <zlib.h>

@@ -42,6 +41,12 @@ Bytes::Bytes(const uint8_t* ptr, size_t len):
    _high(len)
 {}

+Bytes::Bytes(const std::string& s):
+	_data(createVector((const uint8_t*)&s[0], s.size())),
+	_low(0),
+	_high(s.size())
+{}
+
 Bytes::Bytes(std::initializer_list<uint8_t> data):
    _data(createVector(data)),
    _low(0),
@@ -147,6 +152,28 @@ Bytes Bytes::slice(unsigned start, unsigned len) const
    }
 }

+Bytes Bytes::slice(unsigned start) const
+{
+	int len = 0;
+	if (start < size())
+		len = size() - start;
+	return slice(start, len);
+}
+
+std::vector<bool> Bytes::toBits() const
+{
+	std::vector<bool> bits;
+	for (uint8_t byte : *this)
+	{
+		for (int i=0; i<8; i++)
+		{
+			bits.push_back(byte & 0x80);
+			byte <<= 1;
+		}
+	}
+	return bits;
+}
+
 uint8_t toByte(
    std::vector<bool>::const_iterator start,
    std::vector<bool>::const_iterator end)
@@ -227,60 +254,6 @@ Bytes Bytes::decompress() const
    return output;
 }

-Bytes Bytes::crunch() const
-{
-    Bytes output;
-    ByteWriter bw(output);
-    Bytes outputBuffer(1024*1024);
-
-    crunch_state_t cs = {};
-    cs.inputptr = begin();
-    cs.inputlen = size();
-
-    do
-    {
-        cs.outputptr = outputBuffer.begin();
-        cs.outputlen = outputBuffer.size();
-
-        ::crunch(&cs);
-        bw += outputBuffer.slice(0, outputBuffer.size() - cs.outputlen);
-    }
-    while (cs.inputlen != 0);
-    cs.outputptr = outputBuffer.begin();
-    cs.outputlen = outputBuffer.size();
-    donecrunch(&cs);
-    bw += outputBuffer.slice(0, outputBuffer.size() - cs.outputlen);
-
-    return output;
-}
-
-Bytes Bytes::uncrunch() const
-{
-    Bytes output;
-    ByteWriter bw(output);
-    Bytes outputBuffer(1024*1024);
-
-    crunch_state_t cs = {};
-    cs.inputptr = begin();
-    cs.inputlen = size();
-
-    do
-    {
-        cs.outputptr = outputBuffer.begin();
-        cs.outputlen = outputBuffer.size();
-
-        ::uncrunch(&cs);
-        bw += outputBuffer.slice(0, outputBuffer.size() - cs.outputlen);
-    }
-    while (cs.inputlen != 0);
-    cs.outputptr = outputBuffer.begin();
-    cs.outputlen = outputBuffer.size();
-    doneuncrunch(&cs);
-    bw += outputBuffer.slice(0, outputBuffer.size() - cs.outputlen);
-
-    return output;
-}
-
 void Bytes::writeToFile(const std::string& filename) const
 {
    std::ofstream f(filename, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
@@ -291,6 +264,11 @@ void Bytes::writeToFile(const std::string& filename) const
    f.close();
 }

+void Bytes::writeTo(std::ostream& stream) const
+{
+	stream.write((const char*) cbegin(), size());
+}
+
 ByteReader Bytes::reader() const
 {
    return ByteReader(*this);
--- a/lib/bytes.h
+++ b/lib/bytes.h
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef BYTES_H
 #define BYTES_H

+#include <string.h>
+
 class ByteReader;
 class ByteWriter;

@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@ public:
    Bytes();
    Bytes(unsigned size);
    Bytes(const uint8_t* ptr, size_t len);
+    Bytes(const std::string& data);
    Bytes(std::initializer_list<uint8_t> data);
    Bytes(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> data);
    Bytes(std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> data, unsigned start, unsigned end);
@@ -38,6 +41,8 @@ public:
    uint8_t* begin()              { checkWritable(); return &(*_data)[_low]; }
    uint8_t* end()                { checkWritable(); return &(*_data)[_high]; }

+	operator const std::string () const { return std::string(cbegin(), cend()); }
+
    void boundsCheck(unsigned pos) const;
    void checkWritable();
    void adjustBounds(unsigned pos);
@@ -47,16 +52,17 @@ public:
    { resize(0); return *this; }

    Bytes slice(unsigned start, unsigned len) const;
+    Bytes slice(unsigned start) const;
    Bytes swab() const;
    Bytes compress() const;
    Bytes decompress() const;
-    Bytes crunch() const;
-    Bytes uncrunch() const;
+	std::vector<bool> toBits() const;

    ByteReader reader() const;
    ByteWriter writer();

    void writeToFile(const std::string& filename) const;
+	void writeTo(std::ostream& stream) const;

 private:
    std::shared_ptr<std::vector<uint8_t>> _data;
@@ -270,6 +276,16 @@ public:

    ByteWriter& operator += (std::istream& stream);

+	ByteWriter& append(const char* data)
+	{
+		return *this += Bytes((const uint8_t*)data, strlen(data));
+	}
+
+	ByteWriter& append(const std::string& data)
+	{
+		return *this += Bytes(data);
+	}
+
    ByteWriter& append(const Bytes data)
    {
        return *this += data;
--- a/lib/common/crunch.c
+++ b/lib/common/crunch.c
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include "crunch.h"
-
-void crunch(crunch_state_t* state)
-{
-    while (state->inputlen && state->outputlen)
-    {
-        uint8_t data = *state->inputptr++;
-        state->inputlen--;
-
-        if (data & 0x80)
-        {
-            state->fifo = (state->fifo << 2) | 2 | (data & 1);
-            state->fifolen += 2;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            state->fifo = (state->fifo << 8) | data;
-            state->fifolen += 8;
-        }
-
-        if (state->fifolen >= 8)
-        {
-            data = state->fifo >> (state->fifolen - 8);
-            *state->outputptr++ = data;
-            state->outputlen--;
-            state->fifolen -= 8;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void donecrunch(crunch_state_t* state)
-{
-    if (state->fifolen > 0)
-    {
-        uint8_t b = 0;
-        state->inputptr = &b;
-        state->inputlen = 1;
-        crunch(state);
-    }
-}
-
-void uncrunch(crunch_state_t* state)
-{
-    while (state->inputlen && state->outputlen)
-    {
-        if (state->fifolen < 8)
-        {
-            if (state->inputlen)
-            {
-                state->fifo = (state->fifo << 8) | *state->inputptr++;
-                state->inputlen--;
-                state->fifolen += 8;
-            }
-            else
-                state->fifo <<= 8;
-        }
-
-        uint8_t data = state->fifo >> (state->fifolen - 8);
-        if (data & 0x80)
-        {
-            data = ((data >> 6) & 0x01) | 0x80;
-            state->fifolen -= 2;
-        }
-        else
-            state->fifolen -= 8;
-
-        if (data)
-        {
-            *state->outputptr++ = data;
-            state->outputlen--;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void doneuncrunch(crunch_state_t* state)
-{
-    if (state->fifolen > 0)
-    {
-        uint8_t b = 0;
-        state->inputptr = &b;
-        state->inputlen = 1;
-        uncrunch(state);
-    }
-}
--- a/lib/common/crunch.h
+++ b/lib/common/crunch.h
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef CRUNCH_H
-#define CRUNCH_H
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-/* To save bandwidth, we compress the byte stream from the sampler when
- * sending it over USB. The encoding used is:
- * 
- * 0nnn.nnnn: value 0x00..0x7f
- * 1n       : value 0x80|n
- *
- * The end of the buffer is terminated with zeroes, which are ignored
- * (not written to the output).
- * 
- * This saves ~40%, which gets us in under the bandwidth cap.
- */
-    
-typedef struct crunch_state_t
-{
-    const uint8_t* inputptr;
-    uint32_t inputlen;
-    uint8_t* outputptr;
-    uint32_t outputlen;
-    uint16_t fifo;
-    uint8_t fifolen;
-}
-crunch_state_t;
-
-/* Crunches as much as possible and then stops. */
-extern void crunch(crunch_state_t* state);
-extern void donecrunch(crunch_state_t* state);
-
-/* Uncrunches as much as possible and then stops. */
-extern void uncrunch(crunch_state_t* state);
-extern void doneuncrunch(crunch_state_t* state);
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-
-#endif
--- a/lib/dataspec.cc
+++ b/lib/dataspec.cc
@@ -15,34 +15,31 @@ std::vector<std::string> DataSpec::split(
 {
    std::vector<std::string> ret;

-    size_t start = 0;
-    size_t end = 0;
-    size_t len = 0;
-    do
-    {
-        end = s.find(delimiter,start); 
-        len = end - start;
-        std::string token = s.substr(start, len);
-        ret.emplace_back( token );
-        start += len + delimiter.length();
-    }
-    while (end != std::string::npos);
+	if (!s.empty())
+	{
+		size_t start = 0;
+		size_t end = 0;
+		size_t len = 0;
+		do
+		{
+			end = s.find(delimiter,start); 
+			len = end - start;
+			std::string token = s.substr(start, len);
+			ret.emplace_back( token );
+			start += len + delimiter.length();
+		}
+		while (end != std::string::npos);
+	}
+
    return ret;
 }

-DataSpec::Modifier DataSpec::parseMod(const std::string& spec)
+std::set<unsigned> DataSpec::parseRange(const std::string& data)
 {
-    static const std::regex MOD_REGEX("([a-z]*)=([-x+0-9,]*)");
-    static const std::regex DATA_REGEX("([0-9]+)(?:(?:-([0-9]+))|(?:\\+([0-9]+)))?(?:x([0-9]+))?");
+	static const std::regex DATA_REGEX("([0-9]+)(?:(?:-([0-9]+))|(?:\\+([0-9]+)))?(?:x([0-9]+))?");

-    std::smatch match;
-    if (!std::regex_match(spec, match, MOD_REGEX))
-        Error() << "invalid data modifier syntax '" << spec << "'";
-    
-    Modifier m;
-    m.name = match[1];
-    m.source = spec;
-    for (auto& data : split(match[2], ","))
+	std::set<unsigned> result;
+    for (auto& data : split(data, ","))
    {
        int start = 0;
        int count = 1;
@@ -64,9 +61,24 @@ DataSpec::Modifier DataSpec::parseMod(const std::string& spec)
            Error() << "mod '" << data << "' specifies an illegal quantity";

        for (int i = start; i < (start+count); i += step)
-            m.data.insert(i);
+            result.insert(i);
    }

+    return result;
+}
+
+DataSpec::Modifier DataSpec::parseMod(const std::string& spec)
+{
+	static const std::regex MOD_REGEX("([a-z]*)=([-x+0-9,]*)");
+
+    std::smatch match;
+    if (!std::regex_match(spec, match, MOD_REGEX))
+        Error() << "invalid data modifier syntax '" << spec << "'";
+    
+    Modifier m;
+    m.name = match[1];
+    m.source = spec;
+	m.data = parseRange(match[2]);
    return m;
 }

@@ -74,7 +86,7 @@ void DataSpec::set(const std::string& spec)
 {
    std::vector<std::string> words = split(spec, ":");
    if (words.size() == 0)
-        Error() << "empty data specification (you have to specify *something*)";
+		return;

    filename = words[0];
    if (words.size() > 1)
--- a/lib/dataspec.h
+++ b/lib/dataspec.h
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ public:
 public:
    static std::vector<std::string> split(
        const std::string& s, const std::string& delimiter);
+	static std::set<unsigned> parseRange(const std::string& spec);
+
    static Modifier parseMod(const std::string& spec);

 public:
@@ -117,4 +119,34 @@ private:
    DataSpec _value;
 };

+class RangeFlag : public Flag
+{
+public:
+    RangeFlag(const std::vector<std::string>& names, const std::string helptext,
+            const std::string& defaultValue):
+        Flag(names, helptext),
+		_stringValue(defaultValue),
+        _value(DataSpec::parseRange(defaultValue))
+    {}
+
+    const std::set<unsigned>& get() const
+    { checkInitialised(); return _value; }
+
+    operator const std::set<unsigned>& () const
+    { return get(); }
+
+    bool hasArgument() const { return true; }
+    const std::string defaultValueAsString() const { return _stringValue; }
+
+    void set(const std::string& value)
+	{
+		_stringValue = value;
+		_value = DataSpec::parseRange(value);
+	}
+
+private:
+	std::string _stringValue;
+    std::set<unsigned> _value;
+};
+
 #endif
--- a/lib/decoders/decoders.cc
+++ b/lib/decoders/decoders.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void AbstractDecoder::decodeToSectors(Track& track)
    beginTrack();
    for (;;)
    {
-        Fluxmap::Position recordStart = sector.position = fmr.tell();
+        Fluxmap::Position recordStart = fmr.tell();
        sector.clock = 0;
        sector.status = Sector::MISSING;
        sector.data.clear();
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ void AbstractDecoder::decodeToSectors(Track& track)
            return;
        if ((r == UNKNOWN_RECORD) || (r == DATA_RECORD))
        {
-            fmr.readNextMatchingOpcode(F_OP_PULSE);
+            fmr.findEvent(F_BIT_PULSE);
            continue;
        }

        /* Read the sector record. */

-        recordStart = fmr.tell();
+        sector.position = recordStart = fmr.tell();
        decodeSectorRecord();
        Fluxmap::Position recordEnd = fmr.tell();
        pushRecord(recordStart, recordEnd);
@@ -51,14 +51,19 @@ void AbstractDecoder::decodeToSectors(Track& track)

            sector.headerStartTime = recordStart.ns();
            sector.headerEndTime = recordEnd.ns();
-            r = advanceToNextRecord();
+			for (;;)
+			{
+				r = advanceToNextRecord();
+				if (r != UNKNOWN_RECORD)
+					break;
+				if (fmr.findEvent(F_BIT_PULSE) == 0)
+                    break;
+			}
+            recordStart = fmr.tell();
            if (r == DATA_RECORD)
-            {
-                recordStart = fmr.tell();
                decodeDataRecord();
-                recordEnd = fmr.tell();
-                pushRecord(recordStart, recordEnd);
-            }
+            recordEnd = fmr.tell();
+            pushRecord(recordStart, recordEnd);
        }
        sector.dataStartTime = recordStart.ns();
        sector.dataEndTime = recordEnd.ns();
@@ -83,3 +88,10 @@ void AbstractDecoder::pushRecord(const Fluxmap::Position& start, const Fluxmap::
    _track->rawrecords.push_back(record);
    _fmr->seek(here);
 }
+
+std::set<unsigned> AbstractDecoder::requiredSectors(Track& track) const
+{
+	static std::set<unsigned> empty;
+	return empty;
+}
+
--- a/lib/decoders/decoders.h
+++ b/lib/decoders/decoders.h
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ extern void setDecoderManualClockRate(double clockrate_us);

 extern Bytes decodeFmMfm(std::vector<bool>::const_iterator start,
    std::vector<bool>::const_iterator end);
+extern void encodeMfm(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const Bytes& input, bool& lastBit);
+extern void encodeFm(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const Bytes& input);

 static inline Bytes decodeFmMfm(const std::vector<bool> bits)
 { return decodeFmMfm(bits.begin(), bits.end()); }
@@ -50,6 +52,11 @@ public:
    void seek(const Fluxmap::Position& pos)
    { return _fmr->seek(pos); } 

+	/* Returns a set of sectors required to exist on this track. If the reader
+	 * sees any missing, it will consider this to be an error and will retry
+	 * the read. */
+	virtual std::set<unsigned> requiredSectors(Track& track) const;
+
 protected:
    virtual void beginTrack() {};
    virtual RecordType advanceToNextRecord() = 0;
--- a/lib/decoders/fluxmapreader.cc
+++ b/lib/decoders/fluxmapreader.cc
@@ -18,23 +18,27 @@ DoubleFlag pulseDebounceThreshold(
 static DoubleFlag clockDecodeThreshold(
    { "--bit-error-threshold" },
    "Amount of error to tolerate in pulse timing, in fractions of a clock.",
-    0.20);
+    0.40);

 static DoubleFlag clockIntervalBias(
    { "--clock-interval-bias" },
    "Adjust intervals between pulses by this many clocks before decoding.",
    -0.02);

-int FluxmapReader::readOpcode(unsigned& ticks)
+static DoubleFlag minimumClockUs(
+    { "--minimum-clock-us" },
+    "Refuse to detect clocks shorter than this, to avoid false positives.",
+    0.75);
+
+uint8_t FluxmapReader::getNextEvent(unsigned& ticks)
 {
    ticks = 0;

    while (!eof())
    {
        uint8_t b = _bytes[_pos.bytes++];
-        if (b < 0x80)
-            ticks += b;
-        else
+		ticks += b & 0x3f;
+		if (b & (F_BIT_PULSE|F_BIT_INDEX))
        {
            _pos.ticks += ticks;
            return b;
@@ -42,21 +46,21 @@ int FluxmapReader::readOpcode(unsigned& ticks)
    }

    _pos.ticks += ticks;
-    return -1;
+    return 0;
 }

-unsigned FluxmapReader::readNextMatchingOpcode(uint8_t opcode)
+unsigned FluxmapReader::findEvent(uint8_t target)
 {
    unsigned ticks = 0;

    for (;;)
    {
        unsigned thisTicks;
-        int op = readOpcode(thisTicks);
+        uint8_t bits = getNextEvent(thisTicks);
        ticks += thisTicks;
-        if (op == -1)
+        if (eof())
            return 0;
-        if (op == opcode)
+        if (bits & target)
            return ticks;
    }
 }
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ unsigned FluxmapReader::readInterval(nanoseconds_t clock)

    while (ticks < thresholdTicks)
    {
-        unsigned thisTicks = readNextMatchingOpcode(F_OP_PULSE);
+        unsigned thisTicks = findEvent(F_BIT_PULSE);
        if (!thisTicks)
            break;
        ticks += thisTicks;
@@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ void FluxmapReader::seek(nanoseconds_t ns)
    while (!eof() && (_pos.ticks < ticks))
    {
        unsigned t;
-        readOpcode(t);
+        getNextEvent(t);
    }
    _pos.zeroes = 0;
 }
@@ -222,7 +226,9 @@ nanoseconds_t FluxmapReader::seekToPattern(const FluxMatcher& pattern, const Flu
            seek(positions[intervalCount-match.intervals]);
            _pos.zeroes = match.zeroes;
            matching = match.matcher;
-            return match.clock * NS_PER_TICK;
+            nanoseconds_t detectedClock = match.clock * NS_PER_TICK;
+            if (detectedClock > (minimumClockUs*1000))
+                return match.clock * NS_PER_TICK;
        }

        for (unsigned i=0; i<intervalCount; i++)
@@ -230,7 +236,7 @@ nanoseconds_t FluxmapReader::seekToPattern(const FluxMatcher& pattern, const Flu
            positions[i] = positions[i+1];
            candidates[i] = candidates[i+1];
        }
-        candidates[intervalCount] = readNextMatchingOpcode(F_OP_PULSE);
+        candidates[intervalCount] = findEvent(F_BIT_PULSE);
        positions[intervalCount] = tell();

    }
@@ -241,7 +247,7 @@ nanoseconds_t FluxmapReader::seekToPattern(const FluxMatcher& pattern, const Flu

 void FluxmapReader::seekToIndexMark()
 {
-    readNextMatchingOpcode(F_OP_INDEX);
+    findEvent(F_BIT_INDEX);
    _pos.zeroes = 0;
 }

--- a/lib/decoders/fluxmapreader.h
+++ b/lib/decoders/fluxmapreader.h
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ public:
        _pos = pos;
    }

-    int readOpcode(unsigned& ticks);
-    unsigned readNextMatchingOpcode(uint8_t opcode);
+    uint8_t getNextEvent(unsigned& ticks);
+    unsigned findEvent(uint8_t bits);
    unsigned readInterval(nanoseconds_t clock); /* with debounce support */

    /* Important! You can only reliably seek to 1 bits. */
--- a/lib/decoders/fmmfm.cc
+++ b/lib/decoders/fmmfm.cc
@@ -51,3 +51,48 @@ Bytes decodeFmMfm(

    return bytes;
 }
+
+void encodeFm(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const Bytes& input)
+{
+	if (bits.size() == 0)
+		return;
+    unsigned len = bits.size()-1;
+
+    for (uint8_t b : input)
+    {
+        for (int i=0; i<8; i++)
+        {
+            bool bit = b & 0x80;
+            b <<= 1;
+
+            if (cursor >= len)
+                return;
+            
+            bits[cursor++] = true;
+            bits[cursor++] = bit;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void encodeMfm(std::vector<bool>& bits, unsigned& cursor, const Bytes& input, bool& lastBit)
+{
+	if (bits.size() == 0)
+		return;
+    unsigned len = bits.size()-1;
+
+    for (uint8_t b : input)
+    {
+        for (int i=0; i<8; i++)
+        {
+            bool bit = b & 0x80;
+            b <<= 1;
+
+            if (cursor >= len)
+                return;
+            
+            bits[cursor++] = !lastBit && !bit;
+            bits[cursor++] = bit;
+            lastBit = bit;
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/lib/flags.cc
+++ b/lib/flags.cc
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "flags.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"

 static FlagGroup* currentFlagGroup;
 static std::vector<Flag*> all_flags;
@@ -157,6 +158,8 @@ Flag::Flag(const std::vector<std::string>& names, const std::string helptext):
    _names(names),
    _helptext(helptext)
 {
+    if (!currentFlagGroup)
+        Error() << "no flag group defined for " << *names.begin();
    _group.addFlag(this);
 }

@@ -170,6 +173,11 @@ void BoolFlag::set(const std::string& value)
 		Error() << "can't parse '" << value << "'; try 'true' or 'false'";
 }

+const std::string HexIntFlag::defaultValueAsString() const
+{
+	return fmt::format("0x{:x}", _defaultValue);
+}
+
 static void doHelp()
 {
    std::cout << "FluxEngine options:" << std::endl;
--- a/lib/flags.h
+++ b/lib/flags.h
@@ -135,6 +135,17 @@ public:
    void set(const std::string& value) { _value = std::stoi(value); }
 };

+class HexIntFlag : public IntFlag
+{
+public:
+    HexIntFlag(const std::vector<std::string>& names, const std::string helptext,
+            int defaultValue = 0):
+        IntFlag(names, helptext, defaultValue)
+    {}
+
+    const std::string defaultValueAsString() const;
+};
+
 class DoubleFlag : public ValueFlag<double>
 {
 public:
@@ -147,7 +158,7 @@ public:
    void set(const std::string& value) { _value = std::stod(value); }
 };

-class BoolFlag : public ValueFlag<double>
+class BoolFlag : public ValueFlag<bool>
 {
 public:
    BoolFlag(const std::vector<std::string>& names, const std::string helptext,
--- a/lib/fluxmap.cc
+++ b/lib/fluxmap.cc
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@

 Fluxmap& Fluxmap::appendBytes(const Bytes& bytes)
 {
+	if (bytes.size() == 0)
+		return *this;
+
    return appendBytes(&bytes[0], bytes.size());
 }

@@ -15,8 +18,7 @@ Fluxmap& Fluxmap::appendBytes(const uint8_t* ptr, size_t len)
    while (len--)
    {
        uint8_t byte = *ptr++;
-        if (byte < 0x80)
-            _ticks += byte;
+		_ticks += byte & 0x3f;
        bw.write_8(byte);
    }

@@ -24,12 +26,19 @@ Fluxmap& Fluxmap::appendBytes(const uint8_t* ptr, size_t len)
    return *this;
 }

+uint8_t& Fluxmap::findLastByte()
+{
+	if (_bytes.empty())
+		appendByte(0x00);
+	return *(_bytes.end() - 1);
+}
+
 Fluxmap& Fluxmap::appendInterval(uint32_t ticks)
 {
-    while (ticks >= 0x7f)
+    while (ticks >= 0x3f)
    {
-        appendByte(0x7f);
-        ticks -= 0x7f;
+        appendByte(0x3f);
+        ticks -= 0x3f;
    }
    appendByte((uint8_t)ticks);
    return *this;
@@ -37,13 +46,13 @@ Fluxmap& Fluxmap::appendInterval(uint32_t ticks)

 Fluxmap& Fluxmap::appendPulse()
 {
-    appendByte(0x80);
+	findLastByte() |= 0x80;
    return *this;
 }

 Fluxmap& Fluxmap::appendIndex()
 {
-    appendByte(0x81);
+	findLastByte() |= 0x40;
    return *this;
 }

@@ -54,25 +63,26 @@ void Fluxmap::precompensate(int threshold_ticks, int amount_ticks)
    for (unsigned i=0; i<_bytes.size(); i++)
    {
        uint8_t& prev = (i == 0) ? junk : _bytes[i-1];
-        uint8_t curr = _bytes[i];
+		uint8_t prevticks = prev & 0x3f;
+        uint8_t currticks = _bytes[i] & 0x3f;

-        if (curr < (3*threshold_ticks))
+        if (currticks < (3*threshold_ticks))
        {
-            if ((prev <= threshold_ticks) && (curr > threshold_ticks))
+            if ((prevticks <= threshold_ticks) && (currticks > threshold_ticks))
            {
                /* 01001; move the previous bit backwards. */
-                if (prev >= (1+amount_ticks))
+                if (prevticks >= (1+amount_ticks))
                    prev -= amount_ticks;
-                if (curr <= (0x7f-amount_ticks))
-                    curr += amount_ticks;
+                if (currticks <= (0x7f-amount_ticks))
+                    currticks += amount_ticks;
            }
-            else if ((prev > threshold_ticks) && (curr <= threshold_ticks))
+            else if ((prevticks > threshold_ticks) && (currticks <= threshold_ticks))
            {
                /* 00101; move the current bit forwards. */
-                if (prev <= (0x7f-amount_ticks))
+                if (prevticks <= (0x7f-amount_ticks))
                    prev += amount_ticks;
-                if (curr >= (1+amount_ticks))
-                    curr -= amount_ticks;
+                if (currticks >= (1+amount_ticks))
+                    currticks -= amount_ticks;
            }
        }
    }
--- a/lib/fluxmap.h
+++ b/lib/fluxmap.h
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@ public:

 	void precompensate(int threshold_ticks, int amount_ticks);

+private:
+	uint8_t& findLastByte();
+
 private:
    nanoseconds_t _duration = 0;
    int _ticks = 0;
--- a/lib/fluxsink/fluxsink.h
+++ b/lib/fluxsink/fluxsink.h
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 #ifndef FLUXSINK_H
 #define FLUXSINK_H

+#include "flags.h"
+
+extern FlagGroup hardwareFluxSinkFlags;
+extern FlagGroup sqliteFluxSinkFlags;
+
 class Fluxmap;
 class FluxSpec;

@@ -9,11 +14,9 @@ class FluxSink
 public:
    virtual ~FluxSink() {}

-private:
    static std::unique_ptr<FluxSink> createSqliteFluxSink(const std::string& filename);
    static std::unique_ptr<FluxSink> createHardwareFluxSink(unsigned drive);

-public:
    static std::unique_ptr<FluxSink> create(const FluxSpec& spec);

 public:
@@ -21,6 +24,7 @@ public:
 };

 extern void setHardwareFluxSinkDensity(bool high_density);
+extern void setHardwareFluxSinkHardSectorCount(int sectorCount);

 #endif

--- a/lib/fluxsink/hardwarefluxsink.cc
+++ b/lib/fluxsink/hardwarefluxsink.cc
@@ -1,22 +1,52 @@
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "fluxmap.h"
-#include "usb.h"
+#include "usb/usb.h"
 #include "fluxsink/fluxsink.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+FlagGroup hardwareFluxSinkFlags = {
+	&usbFlags,
+};

 static bool high_density = false;

+static IntFlag indexMode(
+    { "--write-index-mode" },
+    "index pulse source (0=drive, 1=300 RPM fake source, 2=360 RPM fake source",
+    0);
+
+static IntFlag hardSectorCount(
+    { "--write-hard-sector-count" },
+    "number of hard sectors on the disk (0=soft sectors)",
+    0);
+
 void setHardwareFluxSinkDensity(bool high_density)
 {
 	::high_density = high_density;
 }

+void setHardwareFluxSinkHardSectorCount(int sectorCount)
+{
+	::hardSectorCount.setDefaultValue(sectorCount);
+}
+
 class HardwareFluxSink : public FluxSink
 {
 public:
    HardwareFluxSink(unsigned drive):
        _drive(drive)
    {
+		if (hardSectorCount != 0)
+		{
+			usbSetDrive(_drive, high_density, indexMode);
+			std::cerr << "Measuring rotational speed... " << std::flush;
+			nanoseconds_t oneRevolution = usbGetRotationalPeriod(hardSectorCount);
+			_hardSectorThreshold = oneRevolution * 3 / (4 * hardSectorCount);
+			std::cerr << fmt::format("{}ms\n", oneRevolution / 1e6);
+		}
+		else
+			_hardSectorThreshold = 0;
    }

    ~HardwareFluxSink()
@@ -26,15 +56,15 @@ public:
 public:
    void writeFlux(int track, int side, Fluxmap& fluxmap)
    {
-        usbSetDrive(_drive, high_density);
+        usbSetDrive(_drive, high_density, indexMode);
        usbSeek(track);

-        Bytes crunched = fluxmap.rawBytes().crunch();
-        return usbWrite(side, crunched);
+        return usbWrite(side, fluxmap.rawBytes(), _hardSectorThreshold);
    }

 private:
    unsigned _drive;
+    nanoseconds_t _hardSectorThreshold;
 };

 std::unique_ptr<FluxSink> FluxSink::createHardwareFluxSink(unsigned drive)
--- a/lib/fluxsink/sqlitefluxsink.cc
+++ b/lib/fluxsink/sqlitefluxsink.cc
@@ -2,14 +2,37 @@
 #include "fluxmap.h"
 #include "sql.h"
 #include "fluxsink/fluxsink.h"
+#include "flags.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+FlagGroup sqliteFluxSinkFlags;
+
+static SettableFlag mergeFlag(
+	{ "--merge" },
+	"merge new data into existing flux file");
+
+static SettableFlag overwriteFlag(
+	{ "--overwrite" },
+	"overwrite existing flux file");

 class SqliteFluxSink : public FluxSink
 {
 public:
    SqliteFluxSink(const std::string& filename)
    {
+		if (mergeFlag && overwriteFlag)
+			Error() << "you can't specify --merge and --overwrite";
+
+		if (!mergeFlag)
+		{
+			if (!overwriteFlag && (access(filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0))
+				Error() << "cowardly refusing to overwrite flux file without --merge or --overwrite specified";
+			if ((access(filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) && (remove(filename.c_str()) != 0))
+				Error() << fmt::format("failed to overwrite flux file");
+		}
 		_outdb = sqlOpen(filename, SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
+
 		int oldVersion = sqlReadIntProperty(_outdb, "version");
 		if ((oldVersion != 0) && (oldVersion != FLUX_VERSION_CURRENT))
            Error() << fmt::format("that flux file is version {}, but this client is for version {}",
--- a/lib/fluxsource/fluxsource.h
+++ b/lib/fluxsource/fluxsource.h
@@ -27,8 +27,10 @@ public:
    virtual bool retryable() { return false; }
 };

-extern void setHardwareFluxSourceRevolutions(int revolutions);
+extern void setHardwareFluxSourceRevolutions(double revolutions);
 extern void setHardwareFluxSourceDensity(bool high_density);
+extern void setHardwareFluxSourceSynced(bool synced);
+extern void setHardwareFluxSourceHardSectorCount(int sectorCount);

 #endif

--- a/lib/fluxsource/hardwarefluxsource.cc
+++ b/lib/fluxsource/hardwarefluxsource.cc
@@ -1,15 +1,33 @@
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "fluxmap.h"
-#include "usb.h"
+#include "usb/usb.h"
 #include "fluxsource/fluxsource.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"

-FlagGroup hardwareFluxSourceFlags;
+FlagGroup hardwareFluxSourceFlags = {
+	&usbFlags
+};

-static IntFlag revolutions(
+static DoubleFlag revolutions(
    { "--revolutions" },
    "read this many revolutions of the disk",
-    1);
+    1.25);
+
+static BoolFlag synced(
+    { "--sync-with-index" },
+    "whether to wait for an index pulse before started to read",
+    false);
+
+static IntFlag indexMode(
+    { "--index-mode" },
+    "index pulse source (0=drive, 1=300 RPM fake source, 2=360 RPM fake source",
+    0);
+
+static IntFlag hardSectorCount(
+    { "--hard-sector-count" },
+    "number of hard sectors on the disk (0=soft sectors)",
+    0);

 static bool high_density = false;

@@ -24,6 +42,14 @@ public:
    HardwareFluxSource(unsigned drive):
        _drive(drive)
    {
+        usbSetDrive(_drive, high_density, indexMode);
+        std::cerr << "Measuring rotational speed... " << std::flush;
+        _oneRevolution = usbGetRotationalPeriod(hardSectorCount);
+	if (hardSectorCount != 0)
+		_hardSectorThreshold = _oneRevolution * 3 / (4 * hardSectorCount);
+	else
+		_hardSectorThreshold = 0;
+        std::cerr << fmt::format("{}ms\n", _oneRevolution / 1e6);
    }

    ~HardwareFluxSource()
@@ -33,11 +59,12 @@ public:
 public:
    std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap> readFlux(int track, int side)
    {
-        usbSetDrive(_drive, high_density);
+        usbSetDrive(_drive, high_density, indexMode);
        usbSeek(track);
-        Bytes crunched = usbRead(side, revolutions);
+        Bytes data = usbRead(
+			side, synced, revolutions * _oneRevolution, _hardSectorThreshold);
        auto fluxmap = std::make_unique<Fluxmap>();
-        fluxmap->appendBytes(crunched.uncrunch());
+        fluxmap->appendBytes(data);
        return fluxmap;
    }

@@ -54,13 +81,25 @@ public:
 private:
    unsigned _drive;
    unsigned _revolutions;
+    nanoseconds_t _oneRevolution;
+    nanoseconds_t _hardSectorThreshold;
 };

-void setHardwareFluxSourceRevolutions(int revolutions)
+void setHardwareFluxSourceRevolutions(double revolutions)
 {
    ::revolutions.setDefaultValue(revolutions);
 }

+void setHardwareFluxSourceSynced(bool synced)
+{
+    ::synced.setDefaultValue(synced);
+}
+
+void setHardwareFluxSourceHardSectorCount(int sectorCount)
+{
+    ::hardSectorCount.setDefaultValue(sectorCount);
+}
+
 std::unique_ptr<FluxSource> FluxSource::createHardwareFluxSource(unsigned drive)
 {
    return std::unique_ptr<FluxSource>(new HardwareFluxSource(drive));
--- a/lib/globals.h
+++ b/lib/globals.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <cassert>

-typedef int nanoseconds_t;
+typedef double nanoseconds_t;
 class Bytes;

 extern double getCurrentTime();
--- a/lib/image.cc
+++ b/lib/image.cc
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-#include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
-#include "flags.h"
-#include "dataspec.h"
-#include "sector.h"
-#include "sectorset.h"
-#include "imagereader/imagereader.h"
-#include "imagewriter/imagewriter.h"
-#include "fmt/format.h"
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <fstream>
-
-SectorSet readSectorsFromFile(const ImageSpec& spec)
-{
-	return ImageReader::create(spec)->readImage();
-}
-
-void writeSectorsToFile(const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec)
-{
-	std::unique_ptr<ImageWriter> writer(ImageWriter::create(sectors, spec));
-	writer->adjustGeometry();
-	writer->printMap();
-	writer->writeImage();
-}
--- a/lib/image.h
+++ b/lib/image.h
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef IMAGE_H
-#define IMAGE_H
-
-class SectorSet;
-class ImageSpec;
-
-extern SectorSet readSectorsFromFile(
-	const ImageSpec& filename);
-
-extern void writeSectorsToFile(
-	const SectorSet& sectors,
-	const ImageSpec& filename);
-
-#endif
--- a/lib/imagereader/diskcopyimagereader.cc
+++ b/lib/imagereader/diskcopyimagereader.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "flags.h"
+#include "dataspec.h"
+#include "sector.h"
+#include "sectorset.h"
+#include "imagereader/imagereader.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+class DiskCopyImageReader : public ImageReader
+{
+public:
+	DiskCopyImageReader(const ImageSpec& spec):
+		ImageReader(spec)
+	{}
+
+	SectorSet readImage()
+	{
+        std::ifstream inputFile(spec.filename, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+        if (!inputFile.is_open())
+            Error() << "cannot open input file";
+
+		Bytes data;
+		data.writer() += inputFile;
+		ByteReader br(data);
+
+		br.seek(1);
+		std::string label = br.read(data[0]);
+
+		br.seek(0x40);
+		uint32_t dataSize = br.read_be32();
+
+		br.seek(0x50);
+		uint8_t encoding = br.read_8();
+		uint8_t formatByte = br.read_8();
+
+		unsigned numCylinders = 80;
+		unsigned numHeads = 2;
+		unsigned numSectors = 0;
+		bool mfm = false;
+
+		switch (encoding)
+		{
+			case 0: /* GCR CLV 400kB */
+				numHeads = 1;
+				break;
+
+			case 1: /* GCR CLV 800kB */
+				break;
+
+			case 2: /* MFM CAV 720kB */
+				numSectors = 9;
+				mfm = true;
+				break;
+
+			case 3: /* MFM CAV 1440kB */
+				numSectors = 18;
+				mfm = true;
+				break;
+
+			default:
+				Error() << fmt::format("don't understant DiskCopy disks of type {}", encoding);
+		}
+
+		std::cout << "reading DiskCopy 4.2 image\n"
+		          << fmt::format("{} cylinders, {} heads; {}; {}\n",
+				  		numCylinders, numHeads,
+						mfm ? "MFM" : "GCR",
+						label);
+
+		auto sectorsPerTrack = [&](int track) -> int
+		{
+			if (mfm)
+				return numSectors;
+
+			if (track < 16)
+				return 12;
+			if (track < 32)
+				return 11;
+			if (track < 48)
+				return 10;
+			if (track < 64)
+				return 9;
+			return 8;
+		};
+
+		uint32_t dataPtr = 0x54;
+		uint32_t tagPtr = dataPtr + dataSize;
+
+        SectorSet sectors;
+        for (int track = 0; track < numCylinders; track++)
+        {
+			int numSectors = sectorsPerTrack(track);
+            for (int head = 0; head < numHeads; head++)
+            {
+                for (int sectorId = 0; sectorId < numSectors; sectorId++)
+                {
+					br.seek(dataPtr);
+					Bytes payload = br.read(512);
+					dataPtr += 512;
+
+					br.seek(tagPtr);
+					Bytes tag = br.read(12);
+					tagPtr += 12;
+
+                    std::unique_ptr<Sector>& sector = sectors.get(track, head, sectorId);
+                    sector.reset(new Sector);
+                    sector->status = Sector::OK;
+                    sector->logicalTrack = sector->physicalTrack = track;
+                    sector->logicalSide = sector->physicalSide = head;
+                    sector->logicalSector = sectorId;
+                    sector->data.writer().append(payload).append(tag);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return sectors;
+	}
+};
+
+std::unique_ptr<ImageReader> ImageReader::createDiskCopyImageReader(
+	const ImageSpec& spec)
+{
+    return std::unique_ptr<ImageReader>(new DiskCopyImageReader(spec));
+}
+
+
--- a/lib/imagereader/imagereader.cc
+++ b/lib/imagereader/imagereader.cc
@@ -1,17 +1,22 @@
 #include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "dataspec.h"
 #include "sector.h"
 #include "sectorset.h"
 #include "imagereader/imagereader.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <ctype.h>

 std::map<std::string, ImageReader::Constructor> ImageReader::formats =
 {
 	{".adf", ImageReader::createImgImageReader},
 	{".d81", ImageReader::createImgImageReader},
+	{".diskcopy", ImageReader::createDiskCopyImageReader},
 	{".img", ImageReader::createImgImageReader},
+	{".ima", ImageReader::createImgImageReader},
+	{".jv1", ImageReader::createImgImageReader},
+	{".jv3", ImageReader::createJv3ImageReader},
 };

 static bool ends_with(const std::string& value, const std::string& ending)
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<ImageReader> ImageReader::create(const ImageSpec& spec)
 void ImageReader::verifyImageSpec(const ImageSpec& spec)
 {
    if (!findConstructor(spec))
-        Error() << "unrecognised image filename extension";
+        Error() << "unrecognised input image filename extension";
 }

 ImageReader::ImageReader(const ImageSpec& spec):
--- a/lib/imagereader/imagereader.h
+++ b/lib/imagereader/imagereader.h
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ private:

 	static std::map<std::string, Constructor> formats;

+    static std::unique_ptr<ImageReader> createDiskCopyImageReader(const ImageSpec& spec);
    static std::unique_ptr<ImageReader> createImgImageReader(const ImageSpec& spec);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ImageReader> createJv3ImageReader(const ImageSpec& spec);

 	static Constructor findConstructor(const ImageSpec& spec);

--- a/lib/imagereader/imgimagereader.cc
+++ b/lib/imagereader/imgimagereader.cc
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "dataspec.h"
 #include "sector.h"
--- a/lib/imagereader/jv3imagereader.cc
+++ b/lib/imagereader/jv3imagereader.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "flags.h"
+#include "dataspec.h"
+#include "sector.h"
+#include "sectorset.h"
+#include "imagereader/imagereader.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+/* JV3 files are kinda weird. There's a fixed layout for up to 2901 sectors, which may appear
+ * in any order, followed by the same again for more sectors. To find the second data block
+ * you need to know the size of the first data block, which requires parsing it.
+ *
+ * https://www.tim-mann.org/trs80/dskspec.html
+ *
+ * typedef struct {
+ *   SectorHeader headers1[2901];
+ *   unsigned char writeprot;
+ *   unsigned char data1[];
+ *   SectorHeader headers2[2901];
+ *   unsigned char padding;
+ *   unsigned char data2[];
+ * } JV3;
+ *
+ * typedef struct {
+ *   unsigned char track;
+ *   unsigned char sector;
+ *   unsigned char flags;
+ * } SectorHeader;
+ */
+
+struct SectorHeader
+{
+	uint8_t track;
+	uint8_t sector;
+	uint8_t flags;
+};
+
+#define JV3_DENSITY     0x80  /* 1=dden, 0=sden */
+#define JV3_DAM         0x60  /* data address mark code; see below */
+#define JV3_SIDE        0x10  /* 0=side 0, 1=side 1 */
+#define JV3_ERROR       0x08  /* 0=ok, 1=CRC error */
+#define JV3_NONIBM      0x04  /* 0=normal, 1=short */
+#define JV3_SIZE        0x03  /* in used sectors: 0=256,1=128,2=1024,3=512
+                                 in free sectors: 0=512,1=1024,2=128,3=256 */
+
+#define JV3_FREE        0xFF  /* in track and sector fields of free sectors */
+#define JV3_FREEF       0xFC  /* in flags field, or'd with size code */
+
+static unsigned getSectorSize(uint8_t flags)
+{
+	if ((flags & JV3_FREEF) == JV3_FREEF)
+	{
+		switch (flags & JV3_SIZE)
+		{
+			case 0: return 512;
+			case 1: return 1024;
+			case 2: return 128;
+			case 3: return 256;
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		switch (flags & JV3_SIZE)
+		{
+			case 0: return 256;
+			case 1: return 128;
+			case 2: return 1024;
+			case 3: return 512;
+		}
+	}
+	Error() << "not reachable";
+}
+
+class Jv3ImageReader : public ImageReader
+{
+public:
+	Jv3ImageReader(const ImageSpec& spec):
+		ImageReader(spec)
+	{}
+
+	SectorSet readImage()
+	{
+        std::ifstream inputFile(spec.filename, std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+        if (!inputFile.is_open())
+            Error() << "cannot open input file";
+
+		inputFile.seekg( 0, std::ios::end);
+		unsigned inputFileSize = inputFile.tellg();
+		unsigned headerPtr = 0;
+		SectorSet sectors;
+		for (;;)
+		{
+			unsigned dataPtr = headerPtr + 2901*3 + 1;
+			if (dataPtr >= inputFileSize)
+				break;
+
+			for (unsigned i=0; i<2901; i++)
+			{
+				SectorHeader header = {0, 0, 0xff};
+				inputFile.seekg(headerPtr);
+				inputFile.read((char*) &header, 3);
+				unsigned sectorSize = getSectorSize(header.flags);
+				if ((header.flags & JV3_FREEF) != JV3_FREEF)
+				{
+					Bytes data(sectorSize);
+					inputFile.seekg(dataPtr);
+					inputFile.read((char*) data.begin(), sectorSize);
+
+					unsigned head = !!(header.flags & JV3_SIDE);
+                    std::unique_ptr<Sector>& sector = sectors.get(header.track, head, header.sector);
+                    sector.reset(new Sector);
+                    sector->status = Sector::OK;
+                    sector->logicalTrack = sector->physicalTrack = header.track;
+                    sector->logicalSide = sector->physicalSide = head;
+                    sector->logicalSector = header.sector;
+                    sector->data = data;
+				}
+
+				headerPtr += 3;
+				dataPtr += sectorSize;
+			}
+
+			/* dataPtr is now pointing at the beginning of the next chunk. */
+
+			headerPtr = dataPtr;
+		}
+
+        return sectors;
+	}
+};
+
+std::unique_ptr<ImageReader> ImageReader::createJv3ImageReader(
+	const ImageSpec& spec)
+{
+    return std::unique_ptr<ImageReader>(new Jv3ImageReader(spec));
+}
+
+
--- a/lib/imagewriter/d64imagewriter.cc
+++ b/lib/imagewriter/d64imagewriter.cc
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "dataspec.h"
 #include "sector.h"
--- a/lib/imagewriter/diskcopyimagewriter.cc
+++ b/lib/imagewriter/diskcopyimagewriter.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "flags.h"
+#include "dataspec.h"
+#include "sector.h"
+#include "sectorset.h"
+#include "imagewriter/imagewriter.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "ldbs.h"
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+static const char LABEL[] = "FluxEngine image";
+
+static void write_and_update_checksum(ByteWriter& bw, uint32_t& checksum, const Bytes& data)
+{
+	ByteReader br(data);
+	while (!br.eof())
+	{
+		uint32_t i = br.read_be16();
+		checksum += i;
+		checksum = (checksum >> 1) | (checksum << 31);
+		bw.write_be16(i);
+	}
+}
+
+class DiskCopyImageWriter : public ImageWriter
+{
+public:
+	DiskCopyImageWriter(const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec):
+		ImageWriter(sectors, spec)
+	{}
+
+	void writeImage()
+	{
+		bool mfm = false;
+
+		if (spec.bytes == 524)
+		{
+			/* GCR disk */
+		}
+		else if (spec.bytes == 512)
+		{
+			/* MFM disk */
+			mfm = true;
+		}
+		else
+			Error() << "this image is not compatible with the DiskCopy 4.2 format";
+
+		std::cout << "writing DiskCopy 4.2 image\n"
+		          << fmt::format("{} tracks, {} heads, {} sectors, {} bytes per sector; {}\n",
+				  		spec.cylinders, spec.heads, spec.sectors, spec.bytes,
+						mfm ? "MFM" : "GCR");
+
+		auto sectors_per_track = [&](int track) -> int
+		{
+			if (mfm)
+				return spec.sectors;
+
+			if (track < 16)
+				return 12;
+			if (track < 32)
+				return 11;
+			if (track < 48)
+				return 10;
+			if (track < 64)
+				return 9;
+			return 8;
+		};
+
+		Bytes image;
+		ByteWriter bw(image);
+
+		/* Write the actual sectr data. */
+
+		uint32_t dataChecksum = 0;
+		uint32_t tagChecksum = 0;
+		uint32_t offset = 0x54;
+		uint32_t sectorDataStart = offset;
+		for (int track = 0; track < spec.cylinders; track++)
+		{
+			for (int head = 0; head < spec.heads; head++)
+			{
+				int sectorCount = sectors_per_track(track);
+				for (int sectorId = 0; sectorId < sectorCount; sectorId++)
+				{
+					const auto& sector = sectors.get(track, head, sectorId);
+					if (sector)
+					{
+						bw.seek(offset);
+						write_and_update_checksum(bw, dataChecksum, sector->data.slice(0, 512));
+					}
+					offset += 512;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		uint32_t sectorDataEnd = offset;
+		if (!mfm)
+		{
+			for (int track = 0; track < spec.cylinders; track++)
+			{
+				for (int head = 0; head < spec.heads; head++)
+				{
+					int sectorCount = sectors_per_track(track);
+					for (int sectorId = 0; sectorId < sectorCount; sectorId++)
+					{
+						const auto& sector = sectors.get(track, head, sectorId);
+						if (sector)
+						{
+							bw.seek(offset);
+							write_and_update_checksum(bw, tagChecksum, sector->data.slice(512, 12));
+						}
+						offset += 12;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		uint32_t tagDataEnd = offset;
+
+		/* Write the header. */
+
+		uint8_t encoding;
+		uint8_t format;
+		if (mfm)
+		{
+			format = 0x22;
+			if (spec.sectors == 18)
+				encoding = 3;
+			else
+				encoding = 2;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (spec.heads == 2)
+			{
+				encoding = 1;
+				format = 0x22;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				encoding = 0;
+				format = 0x02;
+			}
+		}
+
+		bw.seek(0);
+		bw.write_8(sizeof(LABEL));
+		bw.append(LABEL);
+		bw.seek(0x40);
+		bw.write_be32(sectorDataEnd - sectorDataStart); /* data size */
+		bw.write_be32(tagDataEnd - sectorDataEnd); /* tag size */
+		bw.write_be32(dataChecksum); /* data checksum */
+		bw.write_be32(tagChecksum); /* tag checksum */
+		bw.write_8(encoding); /* encoding */
+		bw.write_8(format); /* format byte */
+		bw.write_be16(0x0100); /* magic number */
+
+		image.writeToFile(spec.filename);
+    }
+};
+
+std::unique_ptr<ImageWriter> ImageWriter::createDiskCopyImageWriter(
+	const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec)
+{
+    return std::unique_ptr<ImageWriter>(new DiskCopyImageWriter(sectors, spec));
+}
+
+
--- a/lib/imagewriter/imagewriter.cc
+++ b/lib/imagewriter/imagewriter.cc
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 #include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "dataspec.h"
 #include "sector.h"
 #include "sectorset.h"
 #include "imagewriter/imagewriter.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>

 std::map<std::string, ImageWriter::Constructor> ImageWriter::formats =
 {
 	{".adf", ImageWriter::createImgImageWriter},
 	{".d64", ImageWriter::createD64ImageWriter},
 	{".d81", ImageWriter::createImgImageWriter},
+	{".diskcopy", ImageWriter::createDiskCopyImageWriter},
 	{".img", ImageWriter::createImgImageWriter},
 	{".ldbs", ImageWriter::createLDBSImageWriter},
 };
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<ImageWriter> ImageWriter::create(const SectorSet& sectors, const
 void ImageWriter::verifyImageSpec(const ImageSpec& spec)
 {
 	if (!findConstructor(spec))
-		Error() << "unrecognised image filename extension";
+		Error() << "unrecognised output image filename extension";
 }

 ImageWriter::ImageWriter(const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec):
@@ -63,6 +65,56 @@ void ImageWriter::adjustGeometry()
 	}
 }

+void ImageWriter::writeCsv(const std::string& filename)
+{
+	std::ofstream f(filename, std::ios::out);
+	if (!f.is_open())
+		Error() << "cannot open CSV report file";
+
+	f << "\"Physical track\","
+		"\"Physical side\","
+		"\"Logical track\","
+		"\"Logical side\","
+		"\"Logical sector\","
+		"\"Clock (ns)\","
+		"\"Header start (ns)\","
+		"\"Header end (ns)\","
+		"\"Data start (ns)\","
+		"\"Data end (ns)\","
+		"\"Raw data address (bytes)\","
+		"\"User payload length (bytes)\","
+		"\"Status\""
+		"\n";
+
+	for (int track = 0; track < spec.cylinders; track++)
+	{
+		for (int head = 0; head < spec.heads; head++)
+		{
+			for (int sectorId = 0; sectorId < spec.sectors; sectorId++)
+			{
+				f << fmt::format("{},{},", track, head);
+				const auto& sector = sectors.get(track, head, sectorId);
+				if (!sector)
+					f << fmt::format(",,{},,,,,,,,MISSING\n", sectorId);
+				else
+					f << fmt::format("{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{},{}\n",
+						sector->logicalTrack,
+						sector->logicalSide,
+						sector->logicalSector,
+						sector->clock,
+						sector->headerStartTime,
+						sector->headerEndTime,
+						sector->dataStartTime,
+						sector->dataEndTime,
+						sector->position.bytes,
+						sector->data.size(),
+						Sector::statusToString(sector->status)
+					);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 void ImageWriter::printMap()
 {
 	int badSectors = 0;
--- a/lib/imagewriter/imagewriter.h
+++ b/lib/imagewriter/imagewriter.h
@@ -29,12 +29,15 @@ private:
 		const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec);
    static std::unique_ptr<ImageWriter> createD64ImageWriter(
 		const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec);
+    static std::unique_ptr<ImageWriter> createDiskCopyImageWriter(
+		const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec);

 	static Constructor findConstructor(const ImageSpec& spec);

 public:
 	virtual void adjustGeometry();
 	void printMap();
+	void writeCsv(const std::string& filename);
 	virtual void writeImage() = 0;

 protected:
--- a/lib/imagewriter/imgimagewriter.cc
+++ b/lib/imagewriter/imgimagewriter.cc
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "dataspec.h"
 #include "sector.h"
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ public:
 					if (sector)
 					{
 						outputFile.seekp(sector->logicalTrack*trackSize + sector->logicalSide*headSize + sector->logicalSector*numBytes, std::ios::beg);
-						outputFile.write((const char*) sector->data.cbegin(), sector->data.size());
+						sector->data.slice(0, numBytes).writeTo(outputFile);
 					}
 				}
 			}
--- a/lib/imagewriter/ldbsimagewriter.cc
+++ b/lib/imagewriter/ldbsimagewriter.cc
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "flags.h"
 #include "dataspec.h"
 #include "sector.h"
--- a/lib/reader.cc
+++ b/lib/reader.cc
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "flags.h"
-#include "usb.h"
+#include "usb/usb.h"
 #include "fluxsource/fluxsource.h"
+#include "fluxsink/fluxsink.h"
 #include "reader.h"
 #include "fluxmap.h"
 #include "sql.h"
@@ -11,14 +12,21 @@
 #include "sectorset.h"
 #include "visualiser.h"
 #include "record.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "bytes.h"
 #include "decoders/rawbits.h"
 #include "track.h"
 #include "imagewriter/imagewriter.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>

-FlagGroup readerFlags { &hardwareFluxSourceFlags, &fluxmapReaderFlags, &visualiserFlags };
+FlagGroup readerFlags
+{
+	&hardwareFluxSourceFlags,
+	&sqliteFluxSinkFlags,
+	&fluxmapReaderFlags,
+	&visualiserFlags
+};

 static DataSpecFlag source(
    { "--source", "-s" },
@@ -46,7 +54,11 @@ static SettableFlag justRead(

 static SettableFlag dumpRecords(
 	{ "--dump-records" },
-	"Dump the parsed records.");
+	"Dump the parsed but undecoded records.");
+
+static SettableFlag dumpSectors(
+	{ "--dump-sectors" },
+	"Dump the decoded sectors.");

 static IntFlag retries(
 	{ "--retries" },
@@ -57,7 +69,12 @@ static SettableFlag highDensityFlag(
 	{ "--high-density", "--hd" },
 	"set the drive to high density mode");

-static sqlite3* outdb;
+static StringFlag csvFile(
+	{ "--write-csv" },
+	"write a CSV report of the disk state",
+	"");
+
+static std::unique_ptr<FluxSink> outputFluxSink;

 void setReaderDefaultSource(const std::string& source)
 {
@@ -74,16 +91,31 @@ void setReaderRevolutions(int revolutions)
 	setHardwareFluxSourceRevolutions(revolutions);
 }

+void setReaderHardSectorCount(int sectorCount)
+{
+    setHardwareFluxSourceHardSectorCount(sectorCount);
+}
+
+static void writeSectorsToFile(const SectorSet& sectors, const ImageSpec& spec)
+{
+	std::unique_ptr<ImageWriter> writer(ImageWriter::create(sectors, spec));
+	writer->adjustGeometry();
+	writer->printMap();
+	if (!csvFile.get().empty())
+		writer->writeCsv(csvFile.get());
+	writer->writeImage();
+}
+
 void Track::readFluxmap()
 {
 	std::cout << fmt::format("{0:>3}.{1}: ", physicalTrack, physicalSide) << std::flush;
 	fluxmap = fluxsource->readFlux(physicalTrack, physicalSide);
 	std::cout << fmt::format(
 		"{0} ms in {1} bytes\n",
-            int(fluxmap->duration()/1e6),
+            fluxmap->duration()/1e6,
            fluxmap->bytes());
-	if (outdb)
-		sqlWriteFlux(outdb, physicalTrack, physicalSide, *fluxmap);
+	if (outputFluxSink)
+		outputFluxSink->writeFlux(physicalTrack, physicalSide, *fluxmap);
 }

 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Track>> readTracks()
@@ -96,17 +128,8 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Track>> readTracks()

 	if (!destination.get().empty())
 	{
-		outdb = sqlOpen(destination, SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
 		std::cout << "Writing a copy of the flux to " << destination.get() << std::endl;
-		sqlPrepareFlux(outdb);
-		sqlStmt(outdb, "BEGIN;");
-        sqlWriteIntProperty(outdb, "version", FLUX_VERSION_CURRENT);
-		atexit([]()
-			{
-				sqlStmt(outdb, "COMMIT;");
-				sqlClose(outdb);
-			}
-		);
+		outputFluxSink = FluxSink::createSqliteFluxSink(destination.get());
 	}

 	std::shared_ptr<FluxSource> fluxSource = FluxSource::create(spec);
@@ -174,8 +197,6 @@ void readDiskCommand(AbstractDecoder& decoder)
 			decoder.decodeToSectors(*track);

 			std::cout << "       ";
-			if (!track->sectors.empty())
-			{
 				std::cout << fmt::format("{} records, {} sectors; ",
 					track->rawrecords.size(),
 					track->sectors.size());
@@ -191,9 +212,12 @@ void readDiskCommand(AbstractDecoder& decoder)
 				}

 				bool hasBadSectors = false;
+				std::set<unsigned> requiredSectors = decoder.requiredSectors(*track);
 				for (const auto& i : readSectors)
 				{
 					const auto& sector = i.second;
+					requiredSectors.erase(sector->logicalSector);
+
 					if (sector->status != Sector::OK)
 					{
 						std::cout << std::endl
@@ -202,6 +226,12 @@ void readDiskCommand(AbstractDecoder& decoder)
 						hasBadSectors = true;
 					}
 				}
+				for (unsigned logicalSector : requiredSectors)
+				{
+					std::cout << "\n"
+					          << "       Required sector " << logicalSector << " missing; ";
+					hasBadSectors = true;
+				}

 				if (hasBadSectors)
 					failures = false;
@@ -211,7 +241,6 @@ void readDiskCommand(AbstractDecoder& decoder)

 				if (!hasBadSectors)
 					break;
-			}

 			if (!track->fluxsource->retryable())
 				break;
@@ -219,10 +248,7 @@ void readDiskCommand(AbstractDecoder& decoder)
                std::cout << "giving up" << std::endl
                          << "       ";
            else
-            {
 				std::cout << retry << " retries remaining" << std::endl;
-                track->fluxsource->recalibrate();
-            }
 		}

 		if (dumpRecords)
@@ -230,13 +256,27 @@ void readDiskCommand(AbstractDecoder& decoder)
 			std::cout << "\nRaw (undecoded) records follow:\n\n";
 			for (auto& record : track->rawrecords)
 			{
-				std::cout << fmt::format("I+{:.2f}us", record.position.ns() / 1000.0)
-						<< std::endl;
+				std::cout << fmt::format("I+{:.2f}us with {:.2f}us clock\n",
+                            record.position.ns() / 1000.0, record.clock / 1000.0);
 				hexdump(std::cout, record.data);
 				std::cout << std::endl;
 			}
 		}

+        if (dumpSectors)
+        {
+            std::cout << "\nDecoded sectors follow:\n\n";
+            for (auto& sector : track->sectors)
+            {
+				std::cout << fmt::format("{}.{:02}.{:02}: I+{:.2f}us with {:.2f}us clock: status {}\n",
+                            sector.logicalTrack, sector.logicalSide, sector.logicalSector,
+                            sector.position.ns() / 1000.0, sector.clock / 1000.0,
+							sector.status);
+				hexdump(std::cout, sector.data);
+				std::cout << std::endl;
+            }
+        }
+
        int size = 0;
 		bool printedTrack = false;
        for (auto& i : readSectors)
@@ -261,7 +301,7 @@ void readDiskCommand(AbstractDecoder& decoder)

 	if (!visualise.get().empty())
 		visualiseSectorsToFile(allSectors, visualise.get());
-
+	
    writeSectorsToFile(allSectors, outputSpec);
 	if (failures)
 		std::cerr << "Warning: some sectors could not be decoded." << std::endl;
--- a/lib/reader.h
+++ b/lib/reader.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ extern FlagGroup readerFlags;
 extern void setReaderDefaultSource(const std::string& source);
 extern void setReaderDefaultOutput(const std::string& output);
 extern void setReaderRevolutions(int revolutions);
+extern void setReaderHardSectorCount(int sectorCount);

 extern std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Track>> readTracks();

--- a/lib/sectorset.cc
+++ b/lib/sectorset.cc
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "globals.h"
-#include "image.h"
 #include "sector.h"
 #include "sectorset.h"

--- a/lib/sql.h
+++ b/lib/sql.h
@@ -10,8 +10,9 @@ enum
    FLUX_VERSION_0, /* without properties table */
    FLUX_VERSION_1,
    FLUX_VERSION_2, /* new bytecode with index marks */
+	FLUX_VERSION_3, /* simplified bytecode with six-bit timer */

-    FLUX_VERSION_CURRENT = 2,
+    FLUX_VERSION_CURRENT = FLUX_VERSION_3,
 };

 extern void sqlCheck(sqlite3* db, int i);
--- a/lib/usb.cc
+++ b/lib/usb.cc
@@ -1,267 +0,0 @@
-#include "globals.h"
-#include "usb.h"
-#include "protocol.h"
-#include "fluxmap.h"
-#include "bytes.h"
-#include "common/crunch.h"
-#include <libusb.h>
-#include "fmt/format.h"
-
-#define TIMEOUT 5000
-
-static libusb_device_handle* device;
-
-static uint8_t buffer[FRAME_SIZE];
-
-static std::string usberror(int i)
-{
-    return libusb_strerror((libusb_error) i);
-}
-
-static void usb_init()
-{
-    if (device)
-        return;
-
-    int i = libusb_init(NULL);
-    if (i < 0)
-        Error() << "could not start libusb: " << usberror(i);
-
-    device = libusb_open_device_with_vid_pid(NULL, FLUXENGINE_VID, FLUXENGINE_PID);
-    if (!device)
-		Error() << "cannot find the FluxEngine (is it plugged in?)";
-    
-    int cfg = -1;
-    libusb_get_configuration(device, &cfg);
-    if (cfg != 1)
-    {
-        i = libusb_set_configuration(device, 1);
-        if (i < 0)
-            Error() << "the FluxEngine would not accept configuration: " << usberror(i);
-    }
-
-    i = libusb_claim_interface(device, 0);
-    if (i < 0)
-        Error() << "could not claim interface: " << usberror(i);
-
-    int version = usbGetVersion();
-    if (version != FLUXENGINE_VERSION)
-        Error() << "your FluxEngine firmware is at version " << version
-                << " but the client is for version " << FLUXENGINE_VERSION
-                << "; please upgrade";
-}
-
-static int usb_cmd_send(void* ptr, int len)
-{
-    //std::cerr << "send:\n";
-    //hexdump(std::cerr, Bytes((const uint8_t*)ptr, len));
-    int i = libusb_interrupt_transfer(device, FLUXENGINE_CMD_OUT_EP,
-        (uint8_t*) ptr, len, &len, TIMEOUT);
-    if (i < 0)
-        Error() << "failed to send command: " << usberror(i);
-    return len;
-}
-
-void usb_cmd_recv(void* ptr, int len)
-{
-    int i = libusb_interrupt_transfer(device, FLUXENGINE_CMD_IN_EP,
-       (uint8_t*)  ptr, len, &len, TIMEOUT);
-    if (i < 0)
-        Error() << "failed to receive command reply: " << usberror(i);
-    //std::cerr << "recv:\n";
-    //hexdump(std::cerr, Bytes((const uint8_t*)ptr, len));
-}
-
-static void bad_reply(void)
-{
-    struct error_frame* f = (struct error_frame*) buffer;
-    if (f->f.type != F_FRAME_ERROR)
-        Error() << fmt::format("bad USB reply 0x{:2x}", f->f.type);
-    switch (f->error)
-    {
-        case F_ERROR_BAD_COMMAND:
-            Error() << "device did not understand command";
-
-        case F_ERROR_UNDERRUN:
-            Error() << "USB underrun (not enough bandwidth)";
-            
-        default:
-            Error() << fmt::format("unknown device error {}", f->error);
-    }
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-static T* await_reply(int desired)
-{
-    for (;;)
-    {
-        usb_cmd_recv(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
-        struct any_frame* r = (struct any_frame*) buffer;
-        if (r->f.type == F_FRAME_DEBUG)
-        {
-            std::cout << "dev: " << ((struct debug_frame*)r)->payload << std::endl;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (r->f.type != desired)
-            bad_reply();
-        return (T*) r;
-    }
-}
-
-int usbGetVersion(void)
-{
-    usb_init();
-
-    struct any_frame f = { .f = {.type = F_FRAME_GET_VERSION_CMD, .size = sizeof(f)} };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-    auto r = await_reply<struct version_frame>(F_FRAME_GET_VERSION_REPLY);
-    return r->version;
-}
-
-void usbSeek(int track)
-{
-    usb_init();
-
-    struct seek_frame f = {
-        { .type = F_FRAME_SEEK_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
-        .track = (uint8_t) track
-    };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-    await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_SEEK_REPLY);
-}
-
-void usbRecalibrate()
-{
-    usb_init();
-
-    struct any_frame f = {
-        { .type = F_FRAME_RECALIBRATE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
-    };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-    await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_RECALIBRATE_REPLY);
-}
-
-nanoseconds_t usbGetRotationalPeriod(void)
-{
-    usb_init();
-
-    struct any_frame f = { .f = {.type = F_FRAME_MEASURE_SPEED_CMD, .size = sizeof(f)} };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-
-    auto r = await_reply<struct speed_frame>(F_FRAME_MEASURE_SPEED_REPLY);
-    return r->period_ms * 1000;
-}
-
-static int large_bulk_transfer(int ep, Bytes& bytes)
-{
-    int len;
-    int i = libusb_bulk_transfer(device, ep, bytes.begin(), bytes.size(), &len, TIMEOUT);
-    if (i < 0)
-        Error() << "data transfer failed: " << usberror(i);
-    return len;
-}
-
-void usbTestBulkTransport()
-{
-    usb_init();
-
-    struct any_frame f = { .f = {.type = F_FRAME_BULK_TEST_CMD, .size = sizeof(f)} };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-
-    /* These must match the device. */
-    const int XSIZE = 64;
-    const int YSIZE = 256;
-    const int ZSIZE = 64;
-
-    Bytes bulk_buffer(XSIZE*YSIZE*ZSIZE);
-    double start_time = getCurrentTime();
-    large_bulk_transfer(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP, bulk_buffer);
-    double elapsed_time = getCurrentTime() - start_time;
-
-    std::cout << "Transferred "
-              << bulk_buffer.size()
-              << " bytes in "
-              << int(elapsed_time * 1000.0)
-              << " ("
-              << int((bulk_buffer.size() / 1024.0) / elapsed_time)
-              << " kB/s)"
-              << std::endl;
-
-    for (int x=0; x<XSIZE; x++)
-        for (int y=0; y<YSIZE; y++)
-            for (int z=0; z<ZSIZE; z++)
-            {
-                int offset = x*XSIZE*YSIZE + y*ZSIZE + z;
-                if (bulk_buffer[offset] != uint8_t(x+y+z))
-                    Error() << "data transfer corrupted at 0x"
-                            << std::hex << offset << std::dec
-                            << " "
-                            << x << '.' << y << '.' << z << '.';
-            }
-
-    await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_BULK_TEST_REPLY);
-}
-
-Bytes usbRead(int side, int revolutions)
-{
-    struct read_frame f = {
-        .f = { .type = F_FRAME_READ_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
-        .side = (uint8_t) side,
-        .revolutions = (uint8_t) revolutions
-    };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-
-    auto fluxmap = std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap>(new Fluxmap);
-
-    Bytes buffer(1024*1024);
-    int len = large_bulk_transfer(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP, buffer);
-    buffer.resize(len);
-
-    await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_READ_REPLY);
-    return buffer;
-}
-
-void usbWrite(int side, const Bytes& bytes)
-{
-    unsigned safelen = bytes.size() & ~(FRAME_SIZE-1);
-    Bytes safeBytes = bytes.slice(0, safelen);
-
-    struct write_frame f = {
-        .f = { .type = F_FRAME_WRITE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
-        .side = (uint8_t) side,
-    };
-    ((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[0] = safelen;
-    ((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[1] = safelen >> 8;
-    ((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[2] = safelen >> 16;
-    ((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[3] = safelen >> 24;
-
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-
-    large_bulk_transfer(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP, safeBytes);
-    
-    await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_WRITE_REPLY);
-}
-
-void usbErase(int side)
-{
-    struct erase_frame f = {
-        .f = { .type = F_FRAME_ERASE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
-        .side = (uint8_t) side,
-    };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-
-    await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_ERASE_REPLY);
-}
-
-void usbSetDrive(int drive, bool high_density)
-{
-    usb_init();
-
-    struct set_drive_frame f = {
-        { .type = F_FRAME_SET_DRIVE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
-        .drive_flags = (uint8_t)((drive ? DRIVE_1 : DRIVE_0) | (high_density ? DRIVE_HD : DRIVE_DD)),
-    };
-    usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
-    await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_SET_DRIVE_REPLY);
-}
-
--- a/lib/usb.h
+++ b/lib/usb.h
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef USB_H
-#define USB_H
-
-class Fluxmap;
-class Bytes;
-
-extern int usbGetVersion();
-extern void usbRecalibrate();
-extern void usbSeek(int track);
-extern nanoseconds_t usbGetRotationalPeriod();
-extern void usbTestBulkTransport();
-extern Bytes usbRead(int side, int revolutions);
-extern void usbWrite(int side, const Bytes& bytes);
-extern void usbErase(int side);
-extern void usbSetDrive(int drive, bool high_density);
-
-#endif
--- a/lib/usb/fluxengineusb.cc
+++ b/lib/usb/fluxengineusb.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "usb.h"
+#include "protocol.h"
+#include "fluxmap.h"
+#include "bytes.h"
+#include <libusb.h>
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+#define TIMEOUT 5000
+
+/* Hacky: the board always operates in little-endian mode. */
+static uint16_t read_short_from_usb(uint16_t usb)
+{
+	uint8_t* p = (uint8_t*)&usb;
+	return p[0] | (p[1] << 8);
+}
+
+class FluxEngineUsb : public USB
+{
+private:
+	uint8_t _buffer[FRAME_SIZE];
+
+	int usb_cmd_send(void* ptr, int len)
+	{
+		//std::cerr << "send:\n";
+		//hexdump(std::cerr, Bytes((const uint8_t*)ptr, len));
+		int i = libusb_interrupt_transfer(_device, FLUXENGINE_CMD_OUT_EP,
+			(uint8_t*) ptr, len, &len, TIMEOUT);
+		if (i < 0)
+			Error() << "failed to send command: " << usberror(i);
+		return len;
+	}
+
+	void usb_cmd_recv(void* ptr, int len)
+	{
+		int i = libusb_interrupt_transfer(_device, FLUXENGINE_CMD_IN_EP,
+		   (uint8_t*)  ptr, len, &len, TIMEOUT);
+		if (i < 0)
+			Error() << "failed to receive command reply: " << usberror(i);
+		//std::cerr << "recv:\n";
+		//hexdump(std::cerr, Bytes((const uint8_t*)ptr, len));
+	}
+
+	int large_bulk_transfer(int ep, Bytes& bytes)
+	{
+		if (bytes.size() == 0)
+			return 0;
+
+		int len;
+		int i = libusb_bulk_transfer(_device, ep, bytes.begin(), bytes.size(), &len, TIMEOUT);
+		if (i < 0)
+			Error() << fmt::format("data transfer failed at {} bytes: {}", len, usberror(i));
+		return len;
+	}
+
+public:
+	FluxEngineUsb(libusb_device_handle* device)
+	{
+		_device = device;
+
+		int i;
+		int cfg = -1;
+		libusb_get_configuration(_device, &cfg);
+		if (cfg != 1)
+		{
+			i = libusb_set_configuration(_device, 1);
+			if (i < 0)
+				Error() << "the FluxEngine would not accept configuration: " << usberror(i);
+		}
+
+		i = libusb_claim_interface(_device, 0);
+		if (i < 0)
+			Error() << "could not claim interface: " << usberror(i);
+
+		int version = getVersion();
+		if (version != FLUXENGINE_VERSION)
+			Error() << "your FluxEngine firmware is at version " << version
+					<< " but the client is for version " << FLUXENGINE_VERSION
+					<< "; please upgrade";
+	}
+
+private:
+	void bad_reply(void)
+	{
+		struct error_frame* f = (struct error_frame*) _buffer;
+		if (f->f.type != F_FRAME_ERROR)
+			Error() << fmt::format("bad USB reply 0x{:2x}", f->f.type);
+		switch (f->error)
+		{
+			case F_ERROR_BAD_COMMAND:
+				Error() << "device did not understand command";
+
+			case F_ERROR_UNDERRUN:
+				Error() << "USB underrun (not enough bandwidth)";
+				
+			default:
+				Error() << fmt::format("unknown device error {}", f->error);
+		}
+	}
+
+	template <typename T>
+	T* await_reply(int desired)
+	{
+		for (;;)
+		{
+			usb_cmd_recv(_buffer, sizeof(_buffer));
+			struct any_frame* r = (struct any_frame*) _buffer;
+			if (r->f.type == F_FRAME_DEBUG)
+			{
+				std::cout << "dev: " << ((struct debug_frame*)r)->payload << std::endl;
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (r->f.type != desired)
+				bad_reply();
+			return (T*) r;
+		}
+	}
+
+public:
+	int getVersion()
+	{
+		struct any_frame f = { .f = {.type = F_FRAME_GET_VERSION_CMD, .size = sizeof(f)} };
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+		auto r = await_reply<struct version_frame>(F_FRAME_GET_VERSION_REPLY);
+		return r->version;
+	}
+
+	void seek(int track)
+	{
+		struct seek_frame f = {
+			{ .type = F_FRAME_SEEK_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
+			.track = (uint8_t) track
+		};
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_SEEK_REPLY);
+	}
+
+	void recalibrate()
+	{
+		struct any_frame f = {
+			{ .type = F_FRAME_RECALIBRATE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
+		};
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_RECALIBRATE_REPLY);
+	}
+
+	nanoseconds_t getRotationalPeriod(int hardSectorCount)
+	{
+		struct measurespeed_frame f = {
+			.f = {.type = F_FRAME_MEASURE_SPEED_CMD, .size = sizeof(f)},
+			.hard_sector_count = (uint8_t) hardSectorCount,
+		};
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+
+		auto r = await_reply<struct speed_frame>(F_FRAME_MEASURE_SPEED_REPLY);
+		return r->period_ms * 1000000;
+	}
+
+	void testBulkWrite()
+	{
+		struct any_frame f = { .f = {.type = F_FRAME_BULK_WRITE_TEST_CMD, .size = sizeof(f)} };
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+
+		/* These must match the device. */
+		const int XSIZE = 64;
+		const int YSIZE = 256;
+		const int ZSIZE = 64;
+
+		Bytes bulk_buffer(XSIZE*YSIZE*ZSIZE);
+		double start_time = getCurrentTime();
+		large_bulk_transfer(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP, bulk_buffer);
+		double elapsed_time = getCurrentTime() - start_time;
+
+		std::cout << "Transferred "
+				  << bulk_buffer.size()
+				  << " bytes from FluxEngine -> PC in "
+				  << int(elapsed_time * 1000.0)
+				  << " ms ("
+				  << int((bulk_buffer.size() / 1024.0) / elapsed_time)
+				  << " kB/s)"
+				  << std::endl;
+
+		for (int x=0; x<XSIZE; x++)
+			for (int y=0; y<YSIZE; y++)
+				for (int z=0; z<ZSIZE; z++)
+				{
+					int offset = x*XSIZE*YSIZE + y*ZSIZE + z;
+					if (bulk_buffer[offset] != uint8_t(x+y+z))
+						Error() << "data transfer corrupted at 0x"
+								<< std::hex << offset << std::dec
+								<< " "
+								<< x << '.' << y << '.' << z << '.';
+				}
+
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_BULK_WRITE_TEST_REPLY);
+	}
+
+	void testBulkRead()
+	{
+		struct any_frame f = { .f = {.type = F_FRAME_BULK_READ_TEST_CMD, .size = sizeof(f)} };
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+
+		/* These must match the device. */
+		const int XSIZE = 64;
+		const int YSIZE = 256;
+		const int ZSIZE = 64;
+
+		Bytes bulk_buffer(XSIZE*YSIZE*ZSIZE);
+		for (int x=0; x<XSIZE; x++)
+			for (int y=0; y<YSIZE; y++)
+				for (int z=0; z<ZSIZE; z++)
+				{
+					int offset = x*XSIZE*YSIZE + y*ZSIZE + z;
+					bulk_buffer[offset] = uint8_t(x+y+z);
+				}
+
+		double start_time = getCurrentTime();
+		large_bulk_transfer(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP, bulk_buffer);
+		double elapsed_time = getCurrentTime() - start_time;
+
+		std::cout << "Transferred "
+				  << bulk_buffer.size()
+				  << " bytes from PC -> FluxEngine in "
+				  << int(elapsed_time * 1000.0)
+				  << " ms ("
+				  << int((bulk_buffer.size() / 1024.0) / elapsed_time)
+				  << " kB/s)"
+				  << std::endl;
+
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_BULK_READ_TEST_REPLY);
+	}
+
+	Bytes read(int side, bool synced, nanoseconds_t readTime,
+	           nanoseconds_t hardSectorThreshold)
+	{
+		struct read_frame f = {
+			.f = { .type = F_FRAME_READ_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
+			.side = (uint8_t) side,
+			.synced = (uint8_t) synced,
+		};
+		f.hardsec_threshold_ms = (hardSectorThreshold + 5e5) / 1e6; /* round to nearest ms */
+		uint16_t milliseconds = readTime / 1e6;
+		((uint8_t*)&f.milliseconds)[0] = milliseconds;
+		((uint8_t*)&f.milliseconds)[1] = milliseconds >> 8;
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+
+		auto fluxmap = std::unique_ptr<Fluxmap>(new Fluxmap);
+
+		Bytes buffer(1024*1024);
+		int len = large_bulk_transfer(FLUXENGINE_DATA_IN_EP, buffer);
+		buffer.resize(len);
+
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_READ_REPLY);
+		return buffer;
+	}
+
+	void write(int side, const Bytes& bytes, nanoseconds_t hardSectorThreshold)
+	{
+		unsigned safelen = bytes.size() & ~(FRAME_SIZE-1);
+		Bytes safeBytes = bytes.slice(0, safelen);
+
+		struct write_frame f = {
+			.f = { .type = F_FRAME_WRITE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
+			.side = (uint8_t) side,
+		};
+		f.hardsec_threshold_ms = (hardSectorThreshold + 5e5) / 1e6; /* round to nearest ms */
+		((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[0] = safelen;
+		((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[1] = safelen >> 8;
+		((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[2] = safelen >> 16;
+		((uint8_t*)&f.bytes_to_write)[3] = safelen >> 24;
+
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+		large_bulk_transfer(FLUXENGINE_DATA_OUT_EP, safeBytes);
+		
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_WRITE_REPLY);
+	}
+
+	void erase(int side, nanoseconds_t hardSectorThreshold)
+	{
+		struct erase_frame f = {
+			.f = { .type = F_FRAME_ERASE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
+			.side = (uint8_t) side,
+		};
+		f.hardsec_threshold_ms = (hardSectorThreshold + 5e5) / 1e6; /* round to nearest ms */
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_ERASE_REPLY);
+	}
+
+	void setDrive(int drive, bool high_density, int index_mode)
+	{
+		struct set_drive_frame f = {
+			{ .type = F_FRAME_SET_DRIVE_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
+			.drive = (uint8_t) drive,
+			.high_density = high_density,
+			.index_mode = (uint8_t) index_mode
+		};
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+		await_reply<struct any_frame>(F_FRAME_SET_DRIVE_REPLY);
+	}
+
+	void measureVoltages(struct voltages_frame* voltages)
+	{
+		struct any_frame f = {
+			{ .type = F_FRAME_MEASURE_VOLTAGES_CMD, .size = sizeof(f) },
+		};
+		usb_cmd_send(&f, f.f.size);
+
+		auto convert_voltages_from_usb = [&](const struct voltages& vin, struct voltages& vout)
+		{
+			vout.logic0_mv = read_short_from_usb(vin.logic0_mv);
+			vout.logic1_mv = read_short_from_usb(vin.logic1_mv);
+		};
+
+		struct voltages_frame* r = await_reply<struct voltages_frame>(F_FRAME_MEASURE_VOLTAGES_REPLY);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->input_both_off, voltages->input_both_off);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->input_drive_0_selected, voltages->input_drive_0_selected);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->input_drive_1_selected, voltages->input_drive_1_selected);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->input_drive_0_running, voltages->input_drive_0_running);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->input_drive_1_running, voltages->input_drive_1_running);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->output_both_off, voltages->output_both_off);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->output_drive_0_selected, voltages->output_drive_0_selected);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->output_drive_1_selected, voltages->output_drive_1_selected);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->output_drive_0_running, voltages->output_drive_0_running);
+		convert_voltages_from_usb(r->output_drive_1_running, voltages->output_drive_1_running);
+	}
+};
+
+USB* createFluxengineUsb(libusb_device_handle* device)
+{
+	return new FluxEngineUsb(device);
+}
+
--- a/lib/usb/greaseweazle.cc
+++ b/lib/usb/greaseweazle.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "usb.h"
+#include "protocol.h"
+#include "bytes.h"
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "greaseweazle.h"
+
+Bytes fluxEngineToGreaseWeazle(const Bytes& fldata, nanoseconds_t clock)
+{
+	Bytes gwdata;
+	ByteWriter bw(gwdata);
+	ByteReader br(fldata);
+	uint32_t ticks_fl = 0;
+	uint32_t ticks_gw = 0;
+
+	auto write_28 = [&](uint32_t val) {
+		bw.write_8(1 | (val<<1) & 0xff);
+		bw.write_8(1 | (val>>6) & 0xff);
+		bw.write_8(1 | (val>>13) & 0xff);
+		bw.write_8(1 | (val>>20) & 0xff);
+	};
+
+	while (!br.eof())
+	{
+		uint8_t b = br.read_8();
+		ticks_fl += b & 0x3f;
+		if (b & F_BIT_PULSE)
+		{
+			uint32_t newticks_gw = ticks_fl * NS_PER_TICK / clock;
+			uint32_t delta = newticks_gw - ticks_gw;
+			if (delta < 250)
+				bw.write_8(delta);
+			else
+			{
+				int high = (delta-250) / 255;
+				if (high < 5)
+				{
+					bw.write_8(250 + high);
+					bw.write_8(1 + (delta-250) % 255);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					bw.write_8(255);
+					bw.write_8(FLUXOP_SPACE);
+					write_28(delta - 249);
+					bw.write_8(249);
+				}
+			}
+			ticks_gw = newticks_gw;
+		}
+	}
+	bw.write_8(0); /* end of stream */
+	return gwdata;
+}
+
+Bytes greaseWeazleToFluxEngine(const Bytes& gwdata, nanoseconds_t clock)
+{
+	Bytes fldata;
+	ByteReader br(gwdata);
+	ByteWriter bw(fldata);
+
+    auto read_28 = [&]() {
+        return ((br.read_8() & 0xfe) >> 1)
+            | ((br.read_8() & 0xfe) << 6)
+            | ((br.read_8() & 0xfe) << 13)
+            | ((br.read_8() & 0xfe) << 20);
+    };
+
+	uint32_t ticks_gw = 0;
+	uint32_t lastevent_fl = 0;
+	uint32_t index_gw = ~0;
+
+	while (!br.eof())
+	{
+		uint8_t b = br.read_8();
+		if (!b)
+			break;
+
+		uint8_t event = 0;
+		if (b == 255)
+		{
+			switch (br.read_8())
+			{
+				case FLUXOP_INDEX:
+					index_gw = ticks_gw + read_28();
+					break;
+
+				case FLUXOP_SPACE:
+					ticks_gw += read_28();
+					break;
+
+				default:
+					Error() << "bad opcode in GreaseWeazle stream";
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (b < 250)
+				ticks_gw += b;
+			else
+			{
+				int delta = 250 + (b-250)*255 + br.read_8() - 1;
+				ticks_gw += delta;
+			}
+			event = F_BIT_PULSE;
+		}
+
+		if (event)
+		{
+			uint32_t index_fl = (index_gw * clock) / NS_PER_TICK;
+			uint32_t ticks_fl = (ticks_gw * clock) / NS_PER_TICK;
+			if (index_gw != ~0)
+			{
+				if (index_fl < ticks_fl)
+				{
+					uint32_t delta_fl = index_fl - lastevent_fl;
+					while (delta_fl > 0x3f)
+					{
+						bw.write_8(0x3f);
+						delta_fl -= 0x3f;
+					}
+					bw.write_8(delta_fl | F_BIT_INDEX);
+					lastevent_fl = index_fl;
+					index_gw = ~0;
+				}
+				else if (index_fl == ticks_fl)
+					event |= F_BIT_INDEX;
+			}
+
+			uint32_t delta_fl = ticks_fl - lastevent_fl;
+			while (delta_fl > 0x3f)
+			{
+				bw.write_8(0x3f);
+				delta_fl -= 0x3f;
+			}
+			bw.write_8(delta_fl | event);
+			lastevent_fl = ticks_fl;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return fldata;
+}
+
+/* Left-truncates at the first index mark, so the resulting data as aligned at
+ * the index. */
+Bytes stripPartialRotation(const Bytes& fldata)
+{
+	for (unsigned i=0; i<fldata.size(); i++)
+	{
+		uint8_t b = fldata[i];
+		if (b & F_BIT_INDEX)
+			return fldata.slice(i);
+	}
+	return fldata;
+}
+
--- a/lib/usb/greaseweazle.h
+++ b/lib/usb/greaseweazle.h
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+#ifndef GREASEWEAZLE_H
+#define GREASEWEAZLE_H
+
+#define GREASEWEAZLE_VID 0x1209
+#define GREASEWEAZLE_PID 0x4d69
+
+#define EP_OUT 0x02
+#define EP_IN 0x83
+
+#define GREASEWEAZLE_VERSION 22
+
+extern Bytes fluxEngineToGreaseWeazle(const Bytes& fldata, nanoseconds_t clock);
+extern Bytes greaseWeazleToFluxEngine(const Bytes& gwdata, nanoseconds_t clock);
+extern Bytes stripPartialRotation(const Bytes& fldata);
+
+/* Copied from https://github.com/keirf/Greaseweazle/blob/master/inc/cdc_acm_protocol.h.
+ *
+ * WANING: these headers were originally defined with 'packed', which is a gccism so it's
+ * been dummied out. Don't use them expecting wire protocol structures. */
+
+#define packed /* */
+
+/*
+ * GREASEWEAZLE COMMAND SET
+ */
+
+/* CMD_GET_INFO, length=3, idx. Returns 32 bytes after ACK. */
+#define CMD_GET_INFO        0
+/* [BOOTLOADER] CMD_UPDATE, length=6, <update_len>. 
+ * Host follows with <update_len> bytes.
+ * Bootloader finally returns a status byte, 0 on success. */
+/* [MAIN FIRMWARE] CMD_UPDATE, length=10, <update_len>, 0xdeafbee3.
+ * Host follows with <update_len> bytes.
+ * Main firmware finally returns a status byte, 0 on success. */
+#define CMD_UPDATE          1
+/* CMD_SEEK, length=3, cyl#. Seek to cyl# on selected drive. */
+#define CMD_SEEK            2
+/* CMD_HEAD, length=3, head# (0=bottom) */
+#define CMD_HEAD            3
+/* CMD_SET_PARAMS, length=3+nr, idx, <nr bytes> */
+#define CMD_SET_PARAMS      4
+/* CMD_GET_PARAMS, length=4, idx, nr_bytes. Returns nr_bytes after ACK. */
+#define CMD_GET_PARAMS      5
+/* CMD_MOTOR, length=4, drive#, on/off. Turn on/off a drive motor. */
+#define CMD_MOTOR           6
+/* CMD_READ_FLUX, length=2-8. Argument is gw_read_flux.
+ * Returns flux readings until EOStream. */
+#define CMD_READ_FLUX       7
+/* CMD_WRITE_FLUX, length=2-4. Argument is gw_write_flux.
+ * Host follows with flux readings until EOStream. */
+#define CMD_WRITE_FLUX      8
+/* CMD_GET_FLUX_STATUS, length=2. Last read/write status returned in ACK. */
+#define CMD_GET_FLUX_STATUS 9
+/* CMD_SWITCH_FW_MODE, length=3, <mode> */
+#define CMD_SWITCH_FW_MODE 11
+/* CMD_SELECT, length=3, drive#. Select drive# as current unit. */
+#define CMD_SELECT         12
+/* CMD_DESELECT, length=2. Deselect current unit (if any). */
+#define CMD_DESELECT       13
+/* CMD_SET_BUS_TYPE, length=3, bus_type. Set the bus type. */
+#define CMD_SET_BUS_TYPE   14
+/* CMD_SET_PIN, length=4, pin#, level. */
+#define CMD_SET_PIN        15
+/* CMD_RESET, length=2. Reset all state to initial (power on) values. */
+#define CMD_RESET          16
+/* CMD_ERASE_FLUX, length=6. Argument is gw_erase_flux. */
+#define CMD_ERASE_FLUX     17
+/* CMD_SOURCE_BYTES, length=6. Argument is gw_sink_source_bytes. */
+#define CMD_SOURCE_BYTES   18
+/* CMD_SINK_BYTES, length=6. Argument is gw_sink_source_bytes. */
+#define CMD_SINK_BYTES     19
+#define CMD_MAX            19
+
+
+/*
+ * CMD_SET_BUS CODES
+ */
+#define BUS_NONE            0
+#define BUS_IBMPC           1
+#define BUS_SHUGART         2
+
+
+/*
+ * ACK RETURN CODES
+ */
+#define ACK_OKAY            0
+#define ACK_BAD_COMMAND     1
+#define ACK_NO_INDEX        2
+#define ACK_NO_TRK0         3
+#define ACK_FLUX_OVERFLOW   4
+#define ACK_FLUX_UNDERFLOW  5
+#define ACK_WRPROT          6
+#define ACK_NO_UNIT         7
+#define ACK_NO_BUS          8
+#define ACK_BAD_UNIT        9
+#define ACK_BAD_PIN        10
+#define ACK_BAD_CYLINDER   11
+
+
+/*
+ * CONTROL-CHANNEL COMMAND SET:
+ * We abuse SET_LINE_CODING requests over endpoint 0, stashing a command
+ * in the baud-rate field.
+ */
+#define BAUD_NORMAL        9600
+#define BAUD_CLEAR_COMMS  10000
+
+/*
+ * Flux stream opcodes. Preceded by 0xFF byte.
+ * 
+ * Argument types:
+ *  N28: 28-bit non-negative integer N, encoded as 4 bytes b0,b1,b2,b3:
+ *   b0 = (uint8_t)(1 | (N <<  1))
+ *   b1 = (uint8_t)(1 | (N >>  6))
+ *   b2 = (uint8_t)(1 | (N >> 13))
+ *   b3 = (uint8_t)(1 | (N >> 20))
+ */
+/* FLUXOP_INDEX [CMD_READ_FLUX]
+ *  Args:
+ *   +4 [N28]: ticks to index, relative to sample cursor.
+ *  Signals an index pulse in the read stream. Sample cursor is unaffected. */
+#define FLUXOP_INDEX      1
+/* FLUXOP_SPACE [CMD_READ_FLUX, CMD_WRITE_FLUX]
+ *  Args:
+ *   +4 [N28]: ticks to increment the sample cursor.
+ *  Increments the sample cursor with no intervening flux transitions. */
+#define FLUXOP_SPACE      2
+/* FLUXOP_ASTABLE [CMD_WRITE_FLUX]
+ *  Args:
+ *   +4 [N28]: astable period.
+ *  Generate regular flux transitions at specified astable period. 
+ *  Duration is specified by immediately preceding FLUXOP_SPACE opcode(s). */
+#define FLUXOP_ASTABLE    3
+
+
+/*
+ * COMMAND PACKETS
+ */
+
+/* CMD_GET_INFO, index 0 */
+#define GETINFO_FIRMWARE 0
+struct packed gw_info {
+    uint8_t fw_major;
+    uint8_t fw_minor;
+    uint8_t is_main_firmware; /* == 0 -> update bootloader */
+    uint8_t max_cmd;
+    uint32_t sample_freq;
+    uint8_t hw_model, hw_submodel;
+    uint8_t usb_speed;
+};
+extern struct gw_info gw_info;
+
+/* CMD_GET_INFO, index 1 */
+#define GETINFO_BW_STATS 1
+struct packed gw_bw_stats {
+    struct packed {
+        uint32_t bytes;
+        uint32_t usecs;
+    } min_bw, max_bw;
+};
+
+/* CMD_READ_FLUX */
+struct packed gw_read_flux {
+    /* Maximum ticks to read for (or 0, for no limit). */
+    uint32_t ticks;
+    /* Maximum index pulses to read (or 0, for no limit). */
+    uint16_t max_index;
+};
+
+/* CMD_WRITE_FLUX */
+struct packed gw_write_flux {
+    /* If non-zero, start the write at the index pulse. */
+    uint8_t cue_at_index;
+    /* If non-zero, terminate the write at the next index pulse. */
+    uint8_t terminate_at_index;
+};
+
+/* CMD_ERASE_FLUX */
+struct packed gw_erase_flux {
+    uint32_t ticks;
+};
+
+/* CMD_SINK_SOURCE_BYTES */
+struct packed gw_sink_source_bytes {
+    uint32_t nr_bytes;
+};
+
+/* CMD_{GET,SET}_PARAMS, index 0 */
+#define PARAMS_DELAYS 0
+struct packed gw_delay {
+    uint16_t select_delay; /* usec */
+    uint16_t step_delay;   /* usec */
+    uint16_t seek_settle;  /* msec */
+    uint16_t motor_delay;  /* msec */
+    uint16_t auto_off;     /* msec */
+};
+
+/* CMD_SWITCH_FW_MODE */
+#define FW_MODE_BOOTLOADER 0
+#define FW_MODE_NORMAL     1
+
+#endif
+
--- a/lib/usb/greaseweazleusb.cc
+++ b/lib/usb/greaseweazleusb.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "usb.h"
+#include "protocol.h"
+#include "fluxmap.h"
+#include "bytes.h"
+#include <libusb.h>
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "greaseweazle.h"
+
+#define TIMEOUT 5000
+
+static const char* gw_error(int e)
+{
+    switch (e)
+    {
+        case ACK_OKAY:           return "OK";
+        case ACK_BAD_COMMAND:    return "Bad command";
+        case ACK_NO_INDEX:       return "No index";
+        case ACK_NO_TRK0:        return "No track 0";
+        case ACK_FLUX_OVERFLOW:  return "Overflow";
+        case ACK_FLUX_UNDERFLOW: return "Underflow";
+        case ACK_WRPROT:         return "Write protected";
+        case ACK_NO_UNIT:        return "No unit";
+        case ACK_NO_BUS:         return "No bus";
+        case ACK_BAD_UNIT:       return "Invalid unit";
+        case ACK_BAD_PIN:        return "Invalid pin";
+        case ACK_BAD_CYLINDER:   return "Invalid cylinder";
+        default:                 return "Unknown error";
+    }
+}
+
+class GreaseWeazleUsb : public USB
+{
+private:
+    uint8_t _readbuffer[4096];
+    int _readbuffer_ptr = 0;
+    int _readbuffer_fill = 0;
+
+    void read_bytes(uint8_t* buffer, int len)
+    {
+        while (len > 0)
+        {
+            if (_readbuffer_ptr < _readbuffer_fill)
+            {
+                int buffered = std::min(len, _readbuffer_fill - _readbuffer_ptr);
+                memcpy(buffer, _readbuffer + _readbuffer_ptr, buffered);
+                _readbuffer_ptr += buffered;
+                buffer += buffered;
+                len -= buffered;
+            }
+
+            if (len == 0)
+                break;
+
+            int actual;
+            int rc = libusb_bulk_transfer(_device, EP_IN,
+                _readbuffer, sizeof(_readbuffer),
+                &actual, TIMEOUT);
+            if (rc < 0)
+                Error() << "failed to receive command reply: " << usberror(rc);
+
+            _readbuffer_fill = actual;
+            _readbuffer_ptr = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void read_bytes(Bytes& bytes)
+    {
+        read_bytes(bytes.begin(), bytes.size());
+    }
+
+    Bytes read_bytes(unsigned len)
+    {
+        Bytes b(len);
+        read_bytes(b);
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    uint8_t read_byte()
+    {
+        uint8_t b;
+        read_bytes(&b, 1);
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t read_28()
+    {
+        return ((read_byte() & 0xfe) >> 1)
+            | ((read_byte() & 0xfe) << 6)
+            | ((read_byte() & 0xfe) << 13)
+            | ((read_byte() & 0xfe) << 20);
+    }
+
+    void write_bytes(const uint8_t* buffer, int len)
+    {
+        while (len > 0)
+        {
+            int actual;
+            int rc = libusb_bulk_transfer(_device, EP_OUT, (uint8_t*)buffer, len, &actual, 0);
+            if (rc < 0)
+                Error() << "failed to send command: " << usberror(rc);
+
+            buffer += actual;
+            len -= actual;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void write_bytes(const Bytes& bytes)
+    {
+        write_bytes(bytes.cbegin(), bytes.size());
+    }
+
+    void do_command(const Bytes& command)
+    {
+        write_bytes(command);
+
+        uint8_t buffer[2];
+        read_bytes(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+
+        if (buffer[0] != command[0])
+            Error() << fmt::format("command returned garbage (0x{:x} != 0x{:x} with status 0x{:x})",
+                buffer[0], command[0], buffer[1]);
+        if (buffer[1])
+            Error() << fmt::format("GreaseWeazle error: {}", gw_error(buffer[1]));
+    }
+
+public:
+    GreaseWeazleUsb(libusb_device_handle* device)
+    {
+        _device = device;
+
+        /* Configure the device. */
+
+        int i;
+        int cfg = -1;
+        libusb_get_configuration(_device, &cfg);
+        if (cfg != 1)
+        {
+            i = libusb_set_configuration(_device, 1);
+            if (i < 0)
+                Error() << "the GreaseWeazle would not accept configuration: " << usberror(i);
+        }
+
+        /* Detach the existing kernel serial port driver, if there is one, and claim it ourselves. */
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+        {
+            if (libusb_kernel_driver_active(_device, i))
+                libusb_detach_kernel_driver(_device, i);
+            int rc = libusb_claim_interface(_device, i);
+            if (rc < 0)
+                Error() << "unable to claim interface: " << libusb_error_name(rc);
+        }
+
+        int version = getVersion();
+        if (version != GREASEWEAZLE_VERSION)
+            Error() << "your GreaseWeazle firmware is at version " << version
+                    << " but the client is for version " << GREASEWEAZLE_VERSION
+                    << "; please upgrade";
+
+        /* Configure the hardware. */
+
+        do_command({ CMD_SET_BUS_TYPE, 3, BUS_IBMPC });
+    }
+
+    int getVersion()
+    {
+        do_command({ CMD_GET_INFO, 3, GETINFO_FIRMWARE });
+
+        Bytes response = read_bytes(32);
+        ByteReader br(response);
+
+        br.seek(4);
+        nanoseconds_t freq = br.read_le32();
+        _clock = 1000000000 / freq;
+
+        br.seek(0);
+        return br.read_be16();
+    }
+
+    void recalibrate()
+    {
+        seek(0);
+    }
+    
+    void seek(int track)
+    {
+        do_command({ CMD_SEEK, 3, (uint8_t)track });
+    }
+    
+    nanoseconds_t getRotationalPeriod(int hardSectorCount)
+    {
+        if (hardSectorCount != 0)
+            Error() << "hard sectors are currently unsupported on the GreaseWeazel";
+
+        /* The GreaseWeazle doesn't have a command to fetch the period directly,
+         * so we have to do a flux read. */
+
+        do_command({ CMD_READ_FLUX, 2 });
+
+        uint32_t ticks_gw = 0;
+        uint32_t firstindex = ~0;
+        uint32_t secondindex = ~0;
+        for (;;)
+        {
+            uint8_t b = read_byte();
+            if (!b)
+                break;
+
+            if (b == 255)
+            {
+                switch (read_byte())
+                {
+                    case FLUXOP_INDEX:
+                    {
+                        uint32_t index = read_28() + ticks_gw;
+                        if (firstindex == ~0)
+                            firstindex = index;
+                        else if (secondindex == ~0)
+                            secondindex = index;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case FLUXOP_SPACE:
+                        read_bytes(4);
+                        break;
+
+                    default:
+                        Error() << "bad opcode in GreaseWeazle stream";
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (b < 250)
+                    ticks_gw += b;
+                else
+                {
+                    int delta = 250 + (b-250)*255 + read_byte() - 1;
+                    ticks_gw += delta;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (secondindex == ~0)
+            Error() << "unable to determine disk rotational period (is a disk in the drive?)";
+        do_command({ CMD_GET_FLUX_STATUS, 2 });
+
+        _revolutions = (nanoseconds_t)(secondindex - firstindex) * _clock;
+        return _revolutions;
+    }
+    
+    void testBulkWrite()
+    {
+        const int LEN = 10*1024*1024;
+        Bytes cmd(6);
+        ByteWriter bw(cmd);
+        bw.write_8(CMD_SINK_BYTES);
+        bw.write_8(cmd.size());
+        bw.write_le32(LEN);
+        do_command(cmd);
+
+        Bytes junk(LEN);
+		double start_time = getCurrentTime();
+        write_bytes(LEN);
+        read_bytes(1);
+		double elapsed_time = getCurrentTime() - start_time;
+
+		std::cout << "Transferred "
+				  << LEN
+				  << " bytes from PC -> GreaseWeazle in "
+				  << int(elapsed_time * 1000.0)
+				  << " ms ("
+				  << int((LEN / 1024.0) / elapsed_time)
+				  << " kB/s)"
+				  << std::endl;
+    }
+    
+    void testBulkRead()
+    {
+        const int LEN = 10*1024*1024;
+        Bytes cmd(6);
+        ByteWriter bw(cmd);
+        bw.write_8(CMD_SOURCE_BYTES);
+        bw.write_8(cmd.size());
+        bw.write_le32(LEN);
+        do_command(cmd);
+
+		double start_time = getCurrentTime();
+        read_bytes(LEN);
+		double elapsed_time = getCurrentTime() - start_time;
+
+		std::cout << "Transferred "
+				  << LEN
+				  << " bytes from GreaseWeazle -> PC in "
+				  << int(elapsed_time * 1000.0)
+				  << " ms ("
+				  << int((LEN / 1024.0) / elapsed_time)
+				  << " kB/s)"
+				  << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    Bytes read(int side, bool synced, nanoseconds_t readTime, nanoseconds_t hardSectorThreshold)
+    {
+        if (hardSectorThreshold != 0)
+            Error() << "hard sectors are currently unsupported on the GreaseWeazel";
+
+        int revolutions = (readTime+_revolutions-1) / _revolutions;
+
+        do_command({ CMD_HEAD, 3, (uint8_t)side });
+
+        {
+            Bytes cmd(4);
+            cmd.writer()
+                .write_8(CMD_READ_FLUX)
+                .write_8(cmd.size())
+                .write_le32(revolutions + (synced ? 1 : 0));
+            do_command(cmd);
+        }
+
+		Bytes buffer;
+        ByteWriter bw(buffer);
+        for (;;)
+        {
+            uint8_t b = read_byte();
+            if (!b)
+                break;
+            bw.write_8(b);
+        }
+
+        do_command({ CMD_GET_FLUX_STATUS, 2 });
+
+        Bytes fldata = greaseWeazleToFluxEngine(buffer, _clock);
+        if (synced)
+            fldata = stripPartialRotation(fldata);
+        return fldata;
+    }
+    
+    void write(int side, const Bytes& fldata, nanoseconds_t hardSectorThreshold)
+    {
+        if (hardSectorThreshold != 0)
+            Error() << "hard sectors are currently unsupported on the GreaseWeazel";
+
+        do_command({ CMD_HEAD, 3, (uint8_t)side });
+        do_command({ CMD_WRITE_FLUX, 3, 1 });
+        write_bytes(fluxEngineToGreaseWeazle(fldata, _clock));
+        read_byte(); /* synchronise */
+
+        do_command({ CMD_GET_FLUX_STATUS, 2 });
+    }
+    
+    void erase(int side, nanoseconds_t hardSectorThreshold)
+    {
+        if (hardSectorThreshold != 0)
+            Error() << "hard sectors are currently unsupported on the GreaseWeazel";
+
+        do_command({ CMD_HEAD, 3, (uint8_t)side });
+
+        Bytes cmd(6);
+        ByteWriter bw(cmd);
+        bw.write_8(CMD_ERASE_FLUX);
+        bw.write_8(cmd.size());
+        bw.write_le32(200e6 / _clock);
+        do_command(cmd);
+        read_byte(); /* synchronise */
+
+        do_command({ CMD_GET_FLUX_STATUS, 2 });
+    }
+    
+    void setDrive(int drive, bool high_density, int index_mode)
+    {
+        do_command({ CMD_SELECT, 3, (uint8_t)drive });
+        do_command({ CMD_MOTOR, 4, (uint8_t)drive, 1 });
+        do_command({ CMD_SET_PIN, 4, 2, (uint8_t)(high_density ? 0 : 1) });
+    }
+
+    void measureVoltages(struct voltages_frame* voltages)
+    { Error() << "unsupported operation on the GreaseWeazle"; }
+
+private:
+    nanoseconds_t _clock;
+    nanoseconds_t _revolutions;
+};
+
+USB* createGreaseWeazleUsb(libusb_device_handle* device)
+{
+    return new GreaseWeazleUsb(device);
+}
+
+// vim: sw=4 ts=4 et
+
--- a/lib/usb/usb.cc
+++ b/lib/usb/usb.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#include "globals.h"
+#include "flags.h"
+#include "usb.h"
+#include "protocol.h"
+#include "fluxmap.h"
+#include "bytes.h"
+#include <libusb.h>
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "greaseweazle.h"
+
+FlagGroup usbFlags;
+
+static StringFlag device(
+    { "--device" },
+    "serial number of hardware device to use",
+	"");
+
+static USB* usb = NULL;
+
+enum
+{
+	DEV_FLUXENGINE,
+	DEV_GREASEWEAZLE,
+};
+
+struct CandidateDevice
+{
+	libusb_device* device;
+	libusb_device_descriptor desc;
+	int type;
+	std::string serial;
+};
+
+USB::~USB()
+{}
+
+std::string USB::usberror(int i)
+{
+    return libusb_strerror((libusb_error) i);
+}
+
+static const char* device_type(int i)
+{
+	switch (i)
+	{
+		case DEV_FLUXENGINE: return "FluxEngine";
+		case DEV_GREASEWEAZLE: return "GreaseWeazle";
+		default: assert(false);
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static const std::string get_serial_number(libusb_device* device, libusb_device_descriptor* desc)
+{
+	std::string serial;
+
+	libusb_device_handle* handle;
+	if (libusb_open(device, &handle) == 0)
+	{
+		unsigned char buffer[64];
+		libusb_get_string_descriptor_ascii(handle, desc->iSerialNumber, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+		serial = (const char*) buffer;
+		libusb_close(handle);
+	}
+
+	return serial;
+}
+
+static std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<CandidateDevice>> get_candidates(libusb_device** devices, int numdevices)
+{
+	std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<CandidateDevice>> candidates;
+	for (int i=0; i<numdevices; i++)
+	{
+		std::unique_ptr<CandidateDevice> candidate(new CandidateDevice());
+		candidate->device = devices[i];
+		(void) libusb_get_device_descriptor(devices[i], &candidate->desc);
+
+		uint32_t id = (candidate->desc.idVendor << 16) | candidate->desc.idProduct;
+		switch (id)
+		{
+			case (FLUXENGINE_VID<<16) | FLUXENGINE_PID:
+			{
+				candidate->type = DEV_FLUXENGINE;
+				candidate->serial = get_serial_number(candidate->device, &candidate->desc);
+				candidates[candidate->serial] = std::move(candidate);
+				break;
+			}
+
+			case (GREASEWEAZLE_VID<<16) | GREASEWEAZLE_PID:
+			{
+				candidate->type = DEV_GREASEWEAZLE;
+				candidate->serial = get_serial_number(candidate->device, &candidate->desc);
+				candidates[candidate->serial] = std::move(candidate);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return candidates;
+}
+
+static void open_device(CandidateDevice& candidate)
+{
+	libusb_device_handle* handle;
+	int i = libusb_open(candidate.device, &handle);
+	if (i < 0)
+		Error() << "cannot open USB device: " << libusb_strerror((libusb_error) i);
+	
+	std::cout << "Using " << device_type(candidate.type) << " with serial number " << candidate.serial << '\n';
+	switch (candidate.type)
+	{
+		case DEV_FLUXENGINE:
+			usb = createFluxengineUsb(handle);
+			break;
+
+		case DEV_GREASEWEAZLE:
+			usb = createGreaseWeazleUsb(handle);
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+static CandidateDevice& select_candidate(const std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<CandidateDevice>>& devices)
+{
+	if (devices.size() == 0)
+		Error() << "no USB devices found (is one plugged in? Do you have permission to access USB devices?)";
+
+	if (device.get() == "")
+	{
+		if (devices.size() == 1)
+			return *devices.begin()->second;
+
+		std::cout << "More than one USB device detected. Use --device to specify which one to use:\n";
+		for (auto& i : devices)
+			std::cout << "  " << device_type(i.second->type) << ": " << i.first << '\n';
+		Error() << "specify USB device";
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		const auto& i = devices.find(device);
+		if (i != devices.end())
+			return *i->second;
+
+		Error() << "device with serial number '" << device.get() << "' not found";
+	}
+}
+
+USB& getUsb()
+{
+	if (!usb)
+	{
+		int i = libusb_init(NULL);
+		if (i < 0)
+			Error() << "could not start libusb: " << libusb_strerror((libusb_error) i);
+
+		libusb_device** devices;
+		int numdevices = libusb_get_device_list(NULL, &devices);
+		if (numdevices < 0)
+			Error() << "could not enumerate USB bus: " << libusb_strerror((libusb_error) numdevices);
+
+		auto candidates = get_candidates(devices, numdevices);
+		auto candidate = select_candidate(candidates);
+		open_device(candidate);
+
+		libusb_free_device_list(devices, true);
+
+	}
+
+	return *usb;
+}
+
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More